Glass 77c" " 
Book 



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National Service 



Handbook 




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ISSUED BY 

The Committee on Public Information 

THE SECRETARY OF STATE 
THE SECRETARY OF WAR 
THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY 
GEORGE CREEL 



National Service 
Handbook 

It is not an army we must shape and train for tear; 
it is a nation. — Woodrow Wilson 




issued BY 

The Committee on Public Information 



CORRECTED TO JULY 30, 1917 



▼ 



GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
WASHINGTON 
1917 




D. of D. 

AUG 2! W7 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



I. Introduction. 

Purpose of the Handbook. 

Acknowledgments. Paragraph. 

II. Domestic welfare 1-40 

First lines of domestic welfare 1-40 

An army of 100,000,000 1 

Increased effort 2 

The achievements of peace 3 

Must be preserved in war 4 

Industry and social welfare 5-8 

Women workers 5 

Result of industrial exhaustion 6 

America 'sstand 7 

Legislative control 8 

Education 9-18 

Keep the schools and colleges open 9 

A war necessity 10 

Medical students 11 

Engineers 12 

Elementary and high schools 13 

Courses for women 14 

Curricular changes 15 

Old courses continued 16 

Always open 17 

Appropriations and gifts 18 

Social work and philanthropy 19-29 

Child -welfare work 20 

Child labor 21 

Settlement work, etc 22 

The Y. M. C. A 23 

TheY. W. C. A 24-29 

Scope of the work 25 

Employment bureaus 26 

Industrial work 27 

Work at camp sites 28 

Information 29 

Further welfare work 30-33 

Welfare work in industry 30 

Keeping up the vitality of the industrial army 31 

Philanthropic institutions 32 

Comfort for soldiers 33 



n Table of Contents. 

II. Domestic welfare — Continued. Paragraph. 

Publicity 34-40 

Forming public opinion 34 

Libraries 35-37 

Bibliography 36 

Camp libraries 37 

Committee on Public Information 38 

The Divisions of the Committee 39 

Further statement 40 

III. European war relief 41-46 

General statement 41 

American Red Cross 42 

Red Cross war buget; information. 

Commission for relief in Belgium 43 

Clearing house for France 44 

Other organizations 45 

Directory of European war relief organizations 46 

IV. Religious organizations 47-59 

Need for cooperation 47 

Joint activities 48 

Forming opinion 49 

Religious noncombatants 50 

Reserve officers' camps 51 

Chaplains 52-59 

Army chaplains 53-55 

Appointment 53 

Qualifications 54 

Applications 55 

Navy chaplains 56-58 

Appointment 56 

Qualifications , 57 

Applications 58 

Militia chaplains 59 

V. Professional men and women 60-70 

General statement 60 

Teachers, physicians, surgeons, dentists, druggists 61 

Linguists 62 

Librarians 63 

Engineers and trained artisans 64 

Chemists 65 

Lawyers 66 

Speakers 67 

Photographers 68 

Artists '69 

War posters; camouflage; draftsmen. 

Intercollegiate intelligence bureau - 70 

VI. Financing the war 71-80 

General statement 71 

Taxation and bonds 72 



Table of Contents. in 

VI. Financing the war — Continued. Paragraph. 

The bond act 73 

Short-term certificates 74 

The liberty loan 75-80 

Details of the issue 75 

Conversion 76 

Partial payment 77 

Form of bonds. 78 

Floating the loan * 79 

Subscribers and allotments 80 

VII. Industry, commerce, and labor 81-104 

General statement 81 

Industry 82-90 

Military industries 82 

Naval trades 83 

War industries 84 

New industries 85 

Retail trades 86 

Shipbuilding 87 

Steel industry 88 

Munitions 89 

Coal 90 

War-risk insurance 91-96 

Purpose 91 

Insurance on vessels and cargoes 92 

Life and accident insurance 93 

Policies 94 

Amount of insurance 95 

Detention by enemy 96 

Commerce and transportation 97-100 

Railroads 97 

Inland water transportation 98 

Shipping 99 

Merchant marine engineers and officers 100 

Labor 101-104 

The labor supply 101 

Labor exchanges 102 

United States Public Service Reserve 103 

Labor adjustments 104 

VIII. Agriculture and the food supply 105-128 

General statement 105 

Need for increasing food supply 106 

Organization for meeting the task - 107 

Emergency activities of the United States Department 

of Agriculture 108-118 

County agents 109 

Information ; 110 

How to get aid Ill 

How to volunteer for agricultural emergency work . 112 



TV 



Table of Contents. 



VIII. Agriculture and the food supply — Continued. 

Emergency activities of the United States Department 



of Agriculture — Continued. Paragraph. 

Agricultural associations 113 

City gardens.. 114 

Live stock 115 

Cattle diseases 116 

Control of insects and predatory animals 117 

Aid to plant industries 118 

Farm labor 119-121 

Federal and State cooperation 119 

State labor exchanges 120 

Boys' Working Reserve 121 

Loans to farmers 122 

The Federal land banks. 

Assistance in marketing 123 

Exports : 124 

The proclamation; lists. 

Food conservation 125-128 

General statement 125 

The food administrator 126 

Home economy 127 

Women's clubs, etc 128 

IX. The civil service 129-135 

General statement 129 

Mobilization of laborers 130 

Adjustment to Ttar conditions 131 

Examinations and applications 132 

Available positions 133 

Location, rank, and salary 134 

Skilled labor and trained experts 135 

X. Medical and nursing service 136-178 

Medical service 136-157 

General statement 136 

General Medical Board 137 

Regular Army and Navy 138-140 

Requirements 138 

Licentiates of the national examining board 139 

Record of the Medical Service 140 

Public Health Service 141 

Medical Department of the Army Officers' Reserve 

Corps 142-148 

Numbers needed 142 

Mortality 143 

Need for full quota 144 

Volunteer system 145 

Medical Reserve Corps 146-148 

Requisites for appointment 146 

Examination 147 

Procedure of commissions 148 



Table of Contents. v 

X. Medical and nursing service — Continued. Paragraph. 

Preparedness League of American Dentists 149 

Laboratory experts 150 

Women physicians 151 

Base hospitals 152 

Ambulance service 153 

Reeducation and rehabilitation 154 

Home medical service 155 

Nursing needs 156 

Medical students 157 

The American Red Cross 158-178 

• Official establishment... 158 

Function 159 

Central organization 160 

Local organizations 161 

Authority for war service 162-166 

Official examinations 163 

Compensation 164 

Military status 165 

Classes of volunteers 166 

Units 187 

Information 168 

War council and its places 169 

Work for men 170-175 

Base hospital units 170-171 

Ambulance companies 172 

Sanitary detachments 173 

Supplies 174 

Camp representatives 175 

Work for women 176-178 

Nursing 176 

General aid 177 

Work for all members of the community 178 

XI. The Army 179-324 

Table of armed forces of the Army 179 

The Army of the United States 180 

Pay in the Army 181 

Special provisions for men in service 182 

Mail for the forces in Europe 183 

The Regular Army 184-199 

Men needed 184 

Avenues for entering the Army 185 

Period of enlistment 185 

Regiments recently added 186 

Provisional second lieutenants 187-192 

General statement 187 

Applications 188 

Physical examinations 189 

Examination for moral fitness 190 



Table of Contents. 



The Army — Continued. 

Provisional second lieutenants — Continued. Paragraph. 

Mental examination for mobile Army 191 

Mental examination for Coast Artillery Corps 192 

Temporary second lieutenants 193 

Enlisted men in the Regular Army 194-199 

Requirements 194 

Pay.... 195 

Allotments 195 

Physical requirements 197 

Divisions 198 

Special needs 199 

The Officers' Reserve Corps 200-244 

Organization 200-203 

Purpose and duty 200 

Qualifications 201 

Examinations 202 

On restrictions 203 

Divisions 204 

Description of Staff Corps 205-210 

Medical Officers' Reserve Department 205 

Adjutant General's Officers' Reserve Corps 206 

Judge Advocate General's Officers' Reserve 

Corps 206 

Inspector General's Officers' Reserve Corps... 206 

Quartermaster Officers' Reserve Corps 207 

Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps 208 

Ordnance Officers' Reserve Corps 209 

Signal Officers' Reserve Corps 210 

Officers' Reserve Corps in war time 211-217 

Organization 211 

Training 212 

Assignment to arms of service 213 

Quartermasters - 214 

Engineers 215 

Ordnance 216 

Signal 217 

Second series of Officers' Reserve training camps 218-224 

General statement 218 

Quotas on population basis 219 

Qualifications 220 

Obligations 221 

Appointment and age limit 222 

Pay and expenses 223 

Course of instruction ". 224 

The Enlisted Reserve Corps 225-230 

General statement 225 

Medical department 226 

Quartermaster Corps 227 



Table of Contents. vn 

XI. The Army — Continued. 

The Enlisted Reserve Corps — Continued. Paragraph. 

Engineer Corps 228 

Ordnance Corps 229 - 

Signal Corps 230 

The National Guard 231-234 

Purpose 231 

Federal service 232 

Personnel 233 

Cantonments : 234 

The National Army 235-245 

Composition . 235 

Choosing the National Army 236-245 

Registration 236 

Allotment and selection 237 

Examination 238 

Exemptions 239 

Discharge 240 

Exclusions and discharges of the district 

boards 241 

District boards and appeals 242 

The President's power 243 

Limitations of exemptions, exclusions, and 

discharges 244 

Continuation of local and district boards 245 

Preparation for the National Army 246-247 

Cantonments and supplies 246 

Units already formed 247 

Welfare of the camps 248-267 

Commission on training camp activities 248-253 

Camp health and morals 248 

Army camps 249 

Navy camps 250 

Personnel of the commission 251 

Purpose 252 

Camp recreation 253 

The Y. M. C. A 254-259 

Work in European camps 254 

Work in National Army and Naval train- 
ing camps 255 

Budget 256 

Personnel 257 

Application 258 

W ork with American forces abroad 259 

TheY. W. C. A 260 

Knights of Columbus and Catholic Women's 

War Relief - 261 

Recreation centers 261 

Catholic Women's War Relief 261 

TheY. M. H. A 262 



viii Table of Contents. 

XI. The Army — Continued. 

Preparation for the National Army — Continued. 

Welfare of the camps — Continued. Paragraph. 

Camp libraries 263-265 

American Library Association 263 

The committee's program 264 

Budget 265 

Dramatic amusements 266 

College club for troops abroad 267 

XII. The Navy 268-325 

Naval units 268 

Personnel of the United States Navy 269 

New training camps 270 

The United States Navy. 271-285 

Information about enlistment 271 

Requirements for enlistment 272 

Training camp welfare 273 

Naval training 274 

Pates of pay 275 

Savings, death benefits, etc 276 

Advancement and commissions 277 

Special training and service 278-285 

Artificers 278 

Yeomen 279 

Hospital Corps 280 

Electrical branch 281 

Commissary department 282 

Paymasters 283 

Submarine service 284 

Aeronautic service 285 

United States Naval Reserve Forces 286-295 

General statement 286 

Fleet Naval Reserve 287 

Naval Reserve 288 

Naval Auxiliary Reserve 289 

Naval Coast Defense Reserve 290-291 

Patrol squadron 291 

Naval Reserve Flying Corps 292 

Volunteer Naval Reserve 293 

Women 294 

Application 295 

United States Marine Corps 296-305 

Purpose 296 

History 297 

Personnel 298 

Requirements for enlistment 299 

Enlistment 300 

Training 301 

Service 302 



Table of Contents. ix 

XII. The Navy— Continued. 

United States Marine Corps — Continued. Paragraph. 

Pay I 303 

Savings and death benefits ' 304 

Advancements and commissions 305 

Marine Corps Reserve 306-311 

History 306 

Fleet Marine Corps 307 

Marine Corps Reserve A 308 

Marine Corps Reserve B 309 

Marine Corps Reserve Flying Corps 310 

Voluntary Marine Corps Reserve 311 

The Naval Militia 312-318 

Purpose 312 

History 313 

Training, etc 314 

War service 315 

Marine Corps 316 

Aviation Corps 317 

Information 318 

United States Coast Guards 319-323 

Purpose 319 

Training, etc 320 

Officers, personnel, etc 321 

Information 322 

Present use ' 323 

United States Junior Naval Reserve 324 

The Navy League 325 

XIII. Aviation 326-355 

Joint boards 327 

Aircraft Production Board 328 

Cooperation with the allies 329 

Machines, men, camps 330 

Instruction 331 

Camps 332 

Men needed 334 

Physical requirements 335 

Army Aviation Service 336-345 

Regular Army — Signal Corps 336-337 

Requirements 336 

Aviation mechanics 337 

Signal Officers' Reserve Corps 338-345 

Number and grades of officers 338 

Requirements for candidates '. . 339 

Method of entry 340 

Course at ground schools 341 

Applications 342 

Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps 343-345 

Qualifications 343-344 

Pay, etc 345 



X 



Table of Contents. 



XIII. Aviation — Continued. Paragraph. 

Navy Aviation Service 346-355 

Naval Flying Corps 346-349 

Enlisted men 346 

Balloonists 347 

Military training 348 

Pensacola 349 

$aval Reserve Flying Corps 350-353 

Officers 351 

Men . 352 

Service 353 

Marine Corps Reserve Flying Corps 354 

Aviation Sections of Naval Militia 355 

Page. 

XIV. Appendix 199 

The Council of National Defense . 199 

State registers, alphabetically arranged . 203 

Bibliographies 227 

General lists . 227 

Government publications 227 

Committee on Public Information 230 

Flags of the world I 230 

Military bibliography 231 



General handbooks; Infantry; Artillery; 
French-English vocabulary; Imperial British 
Army Series; French Warfare; First Aid; 



Cooking. 

Naval bibliography 233 

Drill books; books of professional interests. 

Index (alphabetical) 235 

Flags of the nations fighting Germany Follows . . 246 

The Federal executive Follows.. 246 

Army insignia (chart) Follows.. 246 

Navy and Marine Corps insignia (chart) Follows . . 246 

Army map Follows.. 246 

Navy map Follows.. 246 

Financial map Follows.. 246 



INTRODUCTION. 



The one great task before the Nation to-day is to win the 
war. If our arms are to be successful, every citizen must 
give his all, whether this be time, or money, or life, or all 
three. To aid in this victory by answering an ever-increas- 
ing demand manifested by citizens throughout the Nation for 
reliable information on all branches of service, military and 
non-military, this Handbook is published. At this time it is 
of vital importance that all men and women throughout the 
land work together without wasteful haste, without misdi- 
rected effort, but with every ability and resource fully com- 
manded in cooperation for the speedy ending of the war. 
To work effectively, yet passionately, we must work intelli- 
gently, and each must do his own task. It is to point out the 
most useful avenues of service, and at the same time inform 
each member of the community of the varied tasks under- 
taken by the Army and Navy and in the air, behind the plow 
and at the machine, by banks and by railroads, by doctors, 
nurses, and workers in the laboratories, by social workers 
everywhere, that this Handbook is sent throughout the 
Nation. 

To work without lost motion, we must all work together. 
This means organization and centralization. It is of great 
importance that every community should display at once 
completely democratic and also genuinely effective control 
of the agencies of production and welfare. A central com- 
mittee, in which representatives of all important community 
activities are included, should lead in the work of the war 
and delegate to subcommittees, responsible to the central 
committee, the direction of specific enterprises. Let us 
take as our watchwords, " Intelligent efficiency " and " Get 
together." 

Many have helped in the preparation of this book. All 
the work has been supervised by Dr. Guy Stanton Ford, 
Director of the Division of Civic and Educational Coopera- 



2 



Introduction. 



tion of the Committee on Public Information. In collecting 
and verifying the information given in the Handbook the 
various departments of the Government and numerous unoffi- 
cial organizations have rendered most cordial assistance. 
The idea of the book was suggested by the Directory of 
Service published in April in- the Columbia University War 
Papers, and in a few instances passages have been taken 
from that publication. The work of organizing and editing 
the material presented in the Handbook has been done by 
Mr. John J. Coss with the cooperation of Mr. James Gut- 
mann. Acknowledgment for help in the preparation of the 
various sections is made to Messrs. Irwin Edman, Horace L. 
Friess, and John Herman Randall, Jr. In collecting the 
information of interest to the great geographical divisions 
of the Nation, representatives at Harvard University, Co- 
lumbia University, and the Universities of North Carolina, 
Texas, Chicago, and California have also assisted the edi- 
tors. 

George Creel, Chairman. 



DOMESTIC WELFARE. 
FIRST LINES OF DOMESTIC WELFARE. 



1. An army of 100,000,000. Perhaps the most important 
military lesson we can learn from the allies' three years of 
warfare is that the battles of this war will be won, in a large 
part, behind the lines. However well trained may be the 
army in khaki, its effectiveness will be intimately dependent 
upon the effectiveness of the civilian army at home. The 
ununiformed divisions of education, industry ; agriculture, 
and social service, although their duties are less spectacular, 
are no less pivotally important than the divisions on the fields 
of France. Even a million men in the field will mean little 
with a sluggish 99,000,000 at home. With an organized 
country behind the army, w T e are literally mobilizing a force 
of a hundred million for victory. 

2. Increased effort. The primary work of this national 
civilian army is to furnish those supplies necessary to win 
the war, and at the same time try to keep up the work 
of the country with as little interruption as is now possible. 
Fighting forces are to be adequately and steadily supported 
and supplied. This means, in the first place, that industry 
must be kept at the maximum of production, consistent w T ith 
the preservation of the health and vitality of the workers 
of the country. The most universal and immediate tax upon 
every civilian, therefore, is the tax of increased effort, in- 
tenser application, and concentration on the specific job he is 
at. There must be a careful husbanding of every source of 
national energy, physical, social, and scientific. For these 
resources are the first lines of domestic war work, the first 
lines behind the lines. 

3. The achievements of peace. For the last generation, in 
our legislation, in our education, and in our social and phil- 
anthropic work, we have been trying increasingly to make 
the Nation make the most of itself. We have been better- 
ing the conditions of labor and of living; by law and by 
private effort w T e have succeeded in maintaining an increas- 

3 



4 



Domestic Welfare. 



ingly high standard of health and efficiency. We have been 
experimenting in education, adapting our school machinery 
and methods to the newer industrial conditions and the 
modes of living and earning a living that they were forcing 
upon our children. Our bureaus of public health, our labor 
laws, and our charitable organizations have combined to re- 
duce the ravages of disease, fatigue, and unhealthful sur- 
roundings both in the home and working life of the poor. 

4. M ust he preserved in war. The first impulse after war 
was declared was to cast all one's effort and enthusiasm into 
work that had an immediate and obvious military bearing; 
to regard reconstructive activities as luxuries that must wait 
for their continuance until the war was over. But these 
protective and conserving agencies are peculiarly necessary 
in war time when increased pressure in every department 
of life and industry tends to throw off the safeguards it 
has taken a generation to achieve. One of the most impor- 
tant branches of military science is devoted to keeping the 
soldier at the maximum of vitality. It is no less imperative 
to keep the civilian corps at the same pitch of effectiveness. 
The conserving and constructive agencies of peace, whether 
in the form of labor legislation, education, or social work, 
instead of being abandoned, should be redoubled in their 
efforts and, so far as conditions will permit, broadened in 
their scope. 

INDUSTRY AND SOCIAL WELFARE. 

5. Women workers. Since the Nation, once there is a call 
to the colors, is increasingly dependent on the labor of 
women, it is immeasurably important that the standards 
and safeguards we have built up in the last 30 years for 
their protection be maintained just as rigidly as is possible 
under the abnormal conditions of war. 

6. Result of industrial exhaustion. If this were certain to 
be a short war, a temporary speeding up of labor might be 
permissible, but English experience since the beginning of 
the war has clearly demonstrated that although the labor 
conventions may be disregarded for an extended period, 
the laws of physiology can not be repealed. An extension 
in the number of hours beyond a certain point, instead 



Domestic Welfare. 



5 



of increasing the output, is almost certain to reduce it 
after the first spurt. The "stale" worker will produce 
less in quantity and quality than the one who remains 
fit; there will be an increase in the sick list, more broken 
time, and a disorganization of the factory. A few weeks' 
overtime may mean more output, but after that it will mean 
a steady lessening of the capacity of each individual worker. 
This has been definitely established by the careful researches 
of such investigators as Miss Josephine Goldmark, whose 
reports on the conditions of women who worked overtime 
won a 10-hour day in Oregon. It has been proved by hun- 
dreds of big manufacturers who shortened their working 
day to increase their output. 

7. America's stand. The Council of National Defense 
has applied the lesson of the costly British experience. It 
has published a request to the State legislatures asking 
them not to depart from the present standards of labor 
without specific declaration from the Council that such 
departure is essential for the effective pursuit of national 
defense. It is not going to gear labor for a short, breathless 
spurt when there may be a long, steady pull ahead. It has 
requested likewise that power to make exemption be placed in 
the hands of the governor, who is to use such power only at 
the particular request of the Council. 

It is of first-rate importance that the legislatures heed 
this request of the National Defense Council. A watchful 
eye should be kept on the State legislatures to see that un- 
der the stress of a national emergency the working capacity 
of labor is not sacrificed for a temporary increase in out- 
put. It is not a question of sentimental coddling of fac- 
tory workers, but a matter of permanent efficiency. Sick- 
ness, accidents, and loss of production are sure to follow 
an undue lengthening of hours and an abolition of one day's 
rest in seven. 

President Wilson, in his telegram to Gov. Brumbaugh, of 
Pennsylvania, gave emphatic support to labor protection : 

I think it would be most unfortunate for any of the States to 
relax the laws by which safeguards have been thrown about labor. 
I feel that there is no necessity for such action, and that it would 
lead to a slackening of the energy of the Nation rather than to an 
increase of it, besides being very unfair to the laboring people 
themselves. 

106006°— 17 2 



6 



Domestic Welfare. 



No better expression of the need of maintaining the stand- 
ards gained in the past could be given than in the address 
of Secretary Baker, delivered in New York City on July 4: 

We must look to the end of this great business. We at home must 
fight for democracy here as well as our armies for it abroad. In 
the midst of our military enterprises we must be equally loyal to 
our own political theories here. All this vast reorganization of 
industry must be made without the loss of the great physical and 
social gains which we have achieved in the last hundred years, mostly 
years of peace and fruitful effort and toil. 

We must not allow the hours and conditions of people who work 
in factories and workshops to be upset and interfered with. We 
must preserve the sweetness of our rights. We must agree in deeds 
of grace here, as our soldiers do deeds of grace on the other side, for 
I can see the day when this harbor of yours will be filled with the 
mass of ships returning from abroad and bringing back our soldiers. 
They will come, it may be, with their ranks somewhat thinned by 
sacrifice, but with themselves glorified by accomplishment. And when 
those heroes step off the boats and come ashore and tell us that 
they have won the fight for democracy in Europe we must be able 
to tell them in return that we have kept the faith of democracy at 
home and won battles here for that cause while they were fighting 
there. 

8. Legislative control. Any infraction of present labor 
laws, or any attempt to evade them under cover of war stress, 
should be reported immediately to the State industrial com- 
mission. (See State Registers, page 203ff.) Any project of 
lowering standards may profitably be reported to the Con- 
sumers' League, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York 
City, Mrs. Florence Kelley, general secretary. This organi- 
zation is making a national campaign to maintain labor 
standards throughout the country. 

EDUCATION". 

9. Keep the schools and colleges open. In a letter to 
Secretary Lane of July 21 President Wilson emphatically 
approves the continuation of the Nation's work of educa- 
tion. He said : 

It would seriously impair America's prospects of success in this 
war if the supply of highly trained men were unnecessarily dimin- 
ished. There will be need for a larger number of persons expert in 
the various fields of applied science than even before. Such persons 
will be needed both during the war and after its close. I therefore 
have no hesitation in urging colleges and technical schools to 



Domestic Welfare. 



7 



endeavor to maintain their courses as far as possible on the usual 
basis. There will be many young men from these institutions who 
will serve in the armed forces of the country. Those who fall below 
the age of selective conscription and who do not enlist may feel 
that by pursuing their courses with earnestness and diligence they 
also are preparing themselves for valuable service to the Nation. 
I would particularly urge upon the young people who are leaving 
our high schools that as many of them as can do so avail themselves 
this year of the opportunities offered by the colleges and technical 
schools, to the end that the country may not lack an adequate supply 
of trained men and women. 

10. A war necessity. None of the great universities 
contemplate suspending their work, nor would it be wise 
for them to do so. For the duration of the war and some 
time thereafter there will be an unprecedented need for men 
expertly trained in every technical field. One of the severest 
handicaps the country could experience would be a shortage 
of doctors, or of chemical, electrical, or mining engineers, 
once our active participation in the war is well under way. 

11. Medical students. In regard to physicians and sur- 
geons, this fact has already been recognized. Medical stu- 
dents have been urged by the hospitals to remain at their 
studies and under no conditions to enlist in the medical or 
other branches of the service until their courses were com- 
pleted. Then, when they will be urgently needed, they can 
take their places in the Medical Corps as fully trained 
doctors. (See paragraphs 136 to 148, inclusive.) 

12. Engineers. No less important is the work of the engi- 
neering schools, which should not be allowed to become dis- 
organized. Modern warfare is so largely a matter of experts, 
experts in transportation, industry, and organization, that a 
depletion of technical engineering forces would be com- 
parable in its effects to the loss of an army corps. The 
building of aircraft, of ships, the planning of camps, 
trenches, mines, and roads, the organization of rail trans- 
portation for troop and supply movements, all demand an 
army of technically trained men. And after the war is over 
the allied countries are counting upon American aid. Our 
own industrial development, moreover, will be irremediably 
handicapped if our technical forces are not constantly fed. 
A breakdown in the engineering education of the country at 



8 



Domestic Welfare. 



this time would be a loss of one of the most essential instru- 
ments of industrial welfare and efficiency. 

13. Elementary and high schools. For the same reasons 
as those just outlined, the elementary and high schools of the 
country must be kept going even more effectively than in 
times of peace. It is the part of wisdom to prepare ourselves 
for a long struggle, and if the higher technical ranks of the 
country are to be maintained at their full strength, the 
schools which are the feeders of the technical colleges must 
be kept at the top notch of efficiency. 

14. Courses for women. Again, with the withdrawal of 
thousands of men from clerical, minor administrative and 
routine positions, women must be trained to take their 
places. In the next three years the graduates of our high 
schools will have unusually arduous as well as unprece- 
dented tasks on their hands. If there is the slightest let up 
in educational standards, we shall find ourselves in a few 
years with a civilian army of incompetents. 

15. Curricular changes. Instead, therefore, of reducing 
the curriculum, every effort should be made to bring the 
educational machinery to a greater degree of effectiveness 
and, so far as possible, to adapt it to the new necessities of 
war-time industry. There should be increased time given 
to physical science and industrial organization. Especially 
will the education of girls have to be modified to fit them 
for the variety of new occupations in which their services 
will be in acute demand. There will have to be an expansion 
in business courses, in methods of industrial organization, 
factory and financial management. With a million men 
withdrawn from the industrial ranks of the country, the 
entrance of women into industry will be unprecedenteclly 
increased. We can not afford to stint on training them for 
their new duties. 

In the colleges there will likewise be a modification in the 
way of increased attention to technical studies. All 
branches of engineering and scientific industrial manage- 
ment will assume a larger proportion, and the food situation 
will necessitate increased attention to intensive cultivation 
and the most modern and productive methods of scientific 
farming. 



Domestic Welfare. 



9 



Many colleges will be anxious to introduce military instruc- 
tion. In some instances this will be possible and profitable 
through the use of the present equipment and corps of in- 
structors. With the plans for the National Army demand- 
ing all the attention of those trained in giving military 
instruction, the Government is not at present in a position 
to give any aid to institutions in the way of military 
instruction. 

16. Old courses continued. Finally, the normal academic 
activities of the colleges must not be seriously curtailed. 
For the problems of social reconstruction that the war will 
leave in its aftermath we shall more than ever need trained 
minds, equipped to handle trying and complex industrial 
and social situations. Expert training in these fields, as 
well as a habit of clear thinking and unclouded judgment, 
is peculiarly necessary for the tasks of reconstruction and 
social development to which we shall have to turn our 
attention, once the war is over. College men did not fail 
to respond when the war came upon us. Their training and 
their capacity will be no less needful to us after peace 
returns. 

17. Always open. Use of educational institutions continu- 
ously should be carefully considered. Vocational courses 
and special emergency courses may well be given in the 
normal vacation time or regular work may be continued 
throughout the year. 

18. Appropriations and gifts. In the light of the almost 
immediate results such training will have in increasing the 
productivity of the Nation, it would be decidedly against 
the public interest for legislatures to cut down the appropria- 
tions for State universities or for individuals or foundations 
to curtail their contributions to the work of private educa- 
tional institutions. There will, of course, have to be a tem- 
porary cutting down in the more remote branches of research. 
Even here it should be remembered, however, that provision 
for remote laboratory researches has frequently resulted in 
unexpected practical industrial inventions and discoveries. 
A short-sighted and niggardly war economy in education 
may handicap our industrial progress indefinitely. 



10 



Domestic Welfare, 



SOCIAL WORK AND PHILANTHROPY. 

19. Next to education and labor legislation, the most im- 
portant means of securing national vitality and efficiency is 
social and philanthropic work. For the period of arduous 
reconstruction sure to follow this war, it is important to 
preserve the children who will have to bear its burdens. 

20. Child-welfare work, then, is a primary form of insur- 
ance of the country's future. It is the saving of the soldiers 
of the reconstruction. Every existing agency for child con- 
servation will have to put forth extraordinary efforts to meet 
the increased pressure of war time. The children's aid and 
protective societies, the private and public agencies to guard 
against the exploitation of children in industry, never had 
a more urgent reason for activity. Under the slogan of 
patriotism there have been and will be attempts made to 
employ children in factories. Any such attempt, as outlined 
in the section on legislation, should be resisted, both in legis- 
lation and in the pressure of public opinion. Children 
should be kept at school, and every organization guarding 
their health and their future should be maintained. 

21. Child labor. The slight increase in production that 
might result in diverting children from school to the factory 
and farm would be paid for by a breakdown of our technical 
efficiency. Attention should, moreover, be called to the fact 
that if the schools are shut we shall have to provide adequate 
control for juvenile delinquents, whose number may vitally 
increase under abnormal social conditions. 

Since the outbreak of the European war the National 
Child Labor Committee has watched closely the policies 
pursued by foreign countries in regard to children. From 
this distance it was possible to see what England was too 
close to the firing line to see and has only recently begun 
to realize, namely, that laws which were essential for the 
protection and education of children in time of peace are 
even more necessary in time of war, because children must 
be equipped to carry on the work of the nation after the war. 
When America entered the war the National Child Labor 
Committee immediately warned against the suspension of 
labor laws and made every effort to forestall the enactment 
of such legislation where it was introduced. The demand 



Domestic Welfare. 



11 



that boys be excused from school to help in the production 
of foodstuffs came just as the committee had finished an 
important study of the employment of children in agricul- 
ture and was met by a constructive plan suggesting that the 
younger ones remain in school and work in school or home 
gardens, and that older boys be employed on farms only 
under careful supervision and without serious shortening 
of the school term. The committee believes not only that 
laws for the conservation of childhood should remain intact 
on the statute books in time of war but that they should 
be extended where the health and development of the child 
require it, and that such laws should be as rigorously en- 
forced in time of war as in time of peace. For further 
information address Miss Florence I. Taylor, Secretary 
National Child Labor Committee, 105 East Twenty-second 
Street, New York City. 

22. Settlement work, etc. Direction of the play and inter- 
ests of children under expert guidance; the big-brother 
movement ; playgrounds and gymnasiums ; children's courts, 
and probation officers, all the machinery and method that 
have been devised for nurturing child life, should be not only 
continued but augmented. These things may not always be 
immediate war measures, but they are a necessary safeguard 
against the physical and moral collapse of the next decade 
and generation. Moreover, every form of sickness and social 
wastage at home is a serious and real drain upon the total 
national energy. All settlement work should be continued. 

23. The Y. M. C. A., despite its increased tasks in the great 
camps of the Army and Navy (see paragraphs 254 to 259, 
inclusive, and 273), should not neglect its work at home. 
The tendency toward a relaxation and disintegration of 
moral and social standards in war time makes the influence 
of all such conserving social organizations a primary neces- 
sity. 

THE Y. W. C. A. 

24. The Y. W. C . A. One of the best organized agencies 
for improving the physical, mental, and moral status of the 
women of the community is the Young Woman's Christian 
Association. To meet the needs of war times and carry on 



12 



Domestic Welfare. 



the work for and with women which peace as well as war 
necessitates, the Y. W. C. A. is rallying its forces as never 
before. 

25. Scope of the work of the T. W. 0. A. Its work in- 
cludes, among other activities, foreign-language bureaus and 
classes in English, Hed Cross and other emergency classes, 
classes in various kinds of cookery, and the so-called Eight 
Week Clubs. 

26. Employment bureaus. The employment bureaus of 
the Y. W. C. A. seek to place young women in suitable posi- 
tions and also to advise the applicants as to the work they 
desire. 

27. Industrial ivork. With the prospect of thousands of 
young women entering industrial life for the first time it is 
an imperative necessity for the Y. W. C. A. to enlarge its 
facilities for social and recreative work among the factory 
girls. A greatly increased force of volunteer workers is 
needed for club work in the industrial department as ad- 
visers or helpers. Where clubs of the working girls already 
exist they should be strengthened and new ones formed 
where advisable. If the factory is far removed from the 
association, rented centers may be obtained nearer it. Even 
if one has but a very little time to spare one can be of great 
service in helping the mass of woman factory workers and 
keeping them at the highest pitch of efficiency. Apply at 
the local association. 

28. Work at camp sites. In cooperation with Mr. Ray- 
mond Fosdick's Committee on Camp Activities (see para- 
graphs 248 to 267, inclusive), the Y. W. C. A. is undertaking- 
work in the towns near the training camps of our officers 
and enlisted men. This is work with the young women 
normally in the community and those who come in because 
of the large number of men quartered near by. The work 
is difficult, but it is important and calls for the most highly 
gifted and resourceful women. 

29. Information about the Y. W. C. A. Information con- 
cerning any of these activities may be obtained from the 
National Board of the Y. W. C. A. of the U. S. A., 600 
Lexington Avenue, New York City. 



Domestic Welfare. 



13 



FURTHER WELFARE WORK. 

30. Welfare work in industry. Brief mention of work to 
be undertaken in the interest of the industrial army has been 
made. For purposes of social conservation and maximum 
protection, the welfare work that has been increasingly 
carried on in factories and stores must be maintained. War 
work always demands, as it inspires, a more intense effort 
and consequently increased nervous strain. If we are to 
maintain at once the flow of our supplies and the health 
of our industrial armies, in addition to maintaining labor 
safeguards, we must continue to keep check on the health 
and elasticity of the workers and provide recreation and 
leisure for the workers. Rest rooms, playgrounds, etc., are 
necessities of modern industry in war as well as in peace. 
Added to this, there should be the same care as before with 
regard to safeguards and safety devices on machinery. We 
can now less than ever afford to waste life and limbs and 
labor in industrial accidents. Even when these are reduced 
to a minimum, there still holds the same necessity for indus- 
trial insurance. Poverty and incapacity, it must always be 
remembered, reduce the fighting forces of industry, upon 
which the fighting forces in uniform depend. If energy is 
to be saved, it must be by increased ingenuity and resource- 
fulness in time and labor saving devices. 

31. Keeping up the vitality of the industrial army. 
The Government has, in the selective-draft act, made it 
a crime to sell intoxicating liquors to men in the uni- 
form of the Army and Navy. A clear head and steady 
nerves are essential at the front. For work at home and 
behind the lines an unimpaired vitality can not be too 
strongly urged. If liquor makes men in uniform inefficient, 
it will do the same to the men out of it. 

32. Philanthrojnc institutions. The work of philan- 
thropic institutions must be maintained. The shifts inevi- 
table in war-time industry, the loss of sons who partly con- 
tribute to household expenses, all are bound to create 
additional distress among the normally needy sections 
of the population. Private philanthropy has, in the 
United States, undertaken work so important that in other 
countries it is a State function. The work of organized 



14 



Domestic Welfare. 



charity therefore deserves every possible form of public 
and private support and endowment. The Eed Cross is 
preparing to become the central clearing house for all the 
charitable and relief work in the United States, as well as 
among the American forces abroad in the allied countries. 
It recognizes that war relief at home is no less urgent than 
it is immediately behind the firing lines. 

33. Comfort for the soldiers. In the matter of comforts, 
it should be remembered also that civilians can help increase 
the good cheer and spirits of our armies if they will provide, 
through the Eed Cross, cigars, cigarettes, candy, and also 
books and magazines which are almost a necessity to reduce 
the inevitable monotony of trench life. They will help to 
make up for those minor comforts and amenities of civil life 
which, despite the best efforts of the Government, the soldier 
must to some degree forego. 

Civilians can aid through the Commission on Camp Ac- 
tivities (see paragraph 266) by paying the expenses of, or or- 
ganizing volunteer entertainments for the soldiers in train- 
ing at the camps. The acting profession, as well as the man- 
agers and moving-picture manufacturers, can here lend a 
valuable and peculiarly human service to the fighting forces. 
Boredom and consequent seeking of stimulation in unwhole- 
some channels are almost as efficacious as bullets in destroy- 
ing the morale and physical welfare of an army. To supply 
the soldier with a laugh now and then is to be ail unofficial 
attache of the medical and relief corps. 

PUBLICITY. 

34. Forming public opinion. The civilian's voluntary con- 
tributions to war work will be conditioned by the facility with 
which he can acquire information about it. Agencies of pub- 
licity by stimulating interest and publishing facts which will 
help the citizen to know the work which is going on and the 
work which needs to be done will themselves be performing 
a distinct war service. 

All chautauquas and social and literary clubs may well 
make part of their programs explanations of our war aims 
and of the possibilities of civilian aid. 

35. Libraries. The public libraries by furnishing their 
readers with the best books, pamphlets, maps, and magazines, 



Domestic Welfare. 



15 



domestic and foreign, by displaying them on open shelves, 
by printing lists of the most important books and articles, 
by holding exhibitions of war material, including posters, 
and pictures of war scenes, may likewise help to make the 
war a personal challenge and a definite and familiar task 
to the general public. Special bulletin boards for war 
notices might well be maintained by our libraries. Special 
attention should also be paid by libraries to the task of 
collecting and exploiting material giving the reasons for 
America's participation in the war. 

It is most important for libraries in war time to stress the 
development of the human and industrial resources of the 
community by providing literature on agriculture, food pro- 
duction, and conservation, home economics, and industry, as 
well as on military and naval training, munition manufac- 
tures, and other economic, business, and industrial questions 
that the war has brought into prominence. Government pub- 
lications especially will now be fully utilized. See Bibli- 
ography, pages 227 to 234. 

36. Bibliography and guide. The Chief Bibliographer and 
the members of the staff of the Library of Congress have 
published a pamphlet called The United States at War; 
Organization and Literature. In the introduction is given 
an outline of the organization of the Federal Government. 
A chronological summary of the events leading up to the 
entrance of the United States into the war, followed by a 
similar chronology of the activities of the United States in 
the war up to June 1, 1917, is then given, and, lastly, a sum- 
mary of the miscellaneous associations which have perfected 
some sort of an organization. 

The body of the work consists of an alphabetical arrange- 
ment of organizations and subjects. Under the names of 
organizations the headquarters address, origin, membership, 
organization, functions, publications, and references to de- 
scriptive literature are given where possible. Under the sub- 
jects the work of the various organizations is mentioned and 
reference is made to some of the literature. 

Librarians and information bureaus should be supplied 
with this excellent guide and its supplementary numbers. 

37. Camp libraries. The creation of a Library War Service 
Committee, which will see that every cantonment erected for 



16 



Domestic Welfare. 



training the National Army is supplied with a library, 
was authorized by the American Library Association at its 
thirty-ninth annual meeting. (See paragraphs 264 to 266, 
inclusive.) 

38. The Committee on Public Information. The Com- 
mittee on Public Information was created by Executive 
Order of the President of the United States, as follows : 

EXECUTIVE ORDER. 

I hereby create a Committee on Public Information, to be composed 
of the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the 
Navy, and a civilian who shall be charged with the executive direc- 
tion of the committee. 

As civilian chairman of the committee, I appoint Mr. George Creel. 

The Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, and the Secretary 
of the Navy are authorized each to detail an officer or officers to the 
work of the committee. 

Woodrow Wilson. 

April 14, 1917. 

39. The divisions of the committee. (1) The Division of 
Publicity. The effort of the committee is to open up the 
business of government, as far as may be proper and possible, 
to the inspection of the people, in recognition of the truth 
that public support is largely a matter of public understand- 
ing. To this end representatives of the committee have 
been attached to the various departments of Government. 
Editors, reporters, special writers, authors, photographers, 
and motion-picture producers alike are urged to avail them- 
selves of the services of the committee in connection with 
their activities. 

(2) The Division of Civic and Educational Cooperation. 
In addition to those activities which are indicated in its 
title, this division has inaugurated the work of preparing 
and publishing war informative literature. The first of 
these publications were President Wilson's " War Message 
and Facts Behind It," and " How the War Came to 
America" (also in several foreign language translations). 
The latter was the first of a Bed, White, and Blue book 
series, of which the present volume is the second. Other 
pamphlets and booklets in process of preparation are : "An- 
thology of War Prose and Poetry " ; the " War-information 
Series," in which the following are announced : " The Nation 
in Arms," by Secretaries Lane and Baker ; the " Government 



Domestic Welfare. 



17 



of Germany," Prof. C. D. Hazen; "From Spectator to Par- 
ticipant," Prof. A. C. McLaughlin ; "American Loyalty by 
Citizens of German Origin. All literature is distributed free 
on request, except the anthology, which will be sold at a low 
price for a war charity. 

(3) The Official Bulletin. Its single purpose is to assure 
the full and legal printing of the official announcements of 
Government heads in connection with governmental busi- 
ness. The Bulletin is distributed free to postmasters and to 
the press and can be subscribed for by others at the price of 
$5 per annum. 

(4) The four-minute men. An organization of speakers 
enrolled for the duration of the war to deliver four-minute 
talks in motion-picture theaters during intermissions. 
When this book went to press there was an enrollment of 
more than 3,000 speakers in 28 States, and the division was 
rapidly completing its organization to cover the entire coun- 
try. The organization is almost purely communal. State 
chairmen and local chairmen are supplied with material 
from Washington, but each chairman forms his own local 
organization and secures his own speakers, and each speaker 
prepares his own speech. 

(5) The division of pictures. Mr. William A Brady, by 
appointment of President Wilson, has organized the motion 
picture on a war cooperation basis, working in conjunction 
with the Committee on Public Information. This division 
also aims to provide the public with news photographs and 
illustrations of the activities of the Army and Navy, both 
abroad and at home, and to open as far as may be proper 
and possible new channels for spreading public information 
through the medium of pictures. 

(6) Posters. Mr. Charles Dana Gibson has been ap- 
pointed by the committee to mobilize the artists of the Na- 
tion for war service; and a supply of posters, war cards, etc., 
has been assured b}^ the volunteer patriotism of individuals. 
Artists desiring to aid should write Charles Dana Gibson. 
Carnegie Studios, New York City. 

(7) The cable censorship. All outgoing cables from the 
United States are censored under plans and policies emanat- 
ing from the Committee on Public Information. 



18 



Domestic Welfare. 



(8) Newspapers. To the committee was intrusted the 
duty of keeping the press informed as to the matter deemed 
dangerous. This matter is not concerned with criticism or 
opinion, but is confined entirely to news dangerous to the 
United States and valuable to the enemy. Rules can not 
be hard and fast but the thought of the Government is ex- 
pressed in a set of regulations. No disciplinary power abides 
in the Committee on Public Information and the committee 
assumes no responsibility for the enforcement of the requests. 

40. These divisions do not cover the full activities of the 
Committee on Public Information. The broad field of its 
work can not be expressed in the terms of organization. By 
the logic of events and the necessities of the public require- 
ments which called it into being its functions have grown 
until it touches at times nearly every part of the great ma- 
chinery which now coordinates the forces of the Eepublic 
for war purposes. 



EUROPEAN WAR RELIEF. 



41. General statement. To give an accurate or complete 
description of the types of war relief being done by the in- 
numerable philanthropic organizations is impossible. Condi- 
tions change from day to day, and the men and women en- 
gaged in this work are obliged to alter their activities as 
circumstance or experience may dictate. 

Financial support and personal service are needed by all, 
however, and all the time. It is surely of great importance 
that though America has entered the war, American charities 
among the war-stricken countries of Europe should not 
cease. We must bend all our energies to the successful prose- 
cution of the war ; we must economize in every way possible ; 
but there is one field from which our energies must not be 
diverted, one direction in which we must not stint — our re- 
lief charities. Our aid must continue as great as it has been ; 
if anything, it should be increased. All those whom this war 
kills will not have died on its battle fields. Even as we fight 
side by side with the allied soldiers we must continue to 
relieve the noncombatants. 

A detailed account of the activities of the many organiza- 
tions in this field can not be given. A directory of the more 
important ones is given at the end of this section. Financial 
aid is needed by all alike, and a list of other contributions 
desired by any single one may be obtained upon request. In 
general, the name is descriptive of the chief aim of the asso- 
ciation, and the address given may be used either for sending 
contributions or for inquiries as to supplies needed or service 
required. 

42. American Red Cross. The work of the American Red 
Cross deserves especial note, however, for this is not a pri- 
vate organization nor a limited corporation, but it is on the 
contrary recognized by the United States Government, 
whose President is its president. 

Red Cross War Budget. A large part of the $100,000,000 
fund just raised and for which subscriptions were con- 

19 



20 



European War Relief. 



tributed throughout the country will be applied to European 
war relief. Chairman Davison has outlined these plans as 
follows : 

Beyond the military and civilian needs of our own people we must 
unrlertake a larger humanitarian work to aid our allies. This work 
the Red Cross has already started by sending a commission to Europe. 
This commission, headed by Major Grayson M. P. Murphy, is com- 
posed of sociological and medical experts and will work in conjunc- 
tion with agencies appointed by the French Government. It will 
make a survey of the situation abroad and will recommend to us in 
the order of greatest importance the work which America must un- 
dertake. 

Tuberculosis and the many new and terrible diseases that have de- 
veloped from trench warfare, and which are incident to army life, 
must be combated. They may be conquered both to preserve our own 
troops serving abroad and to aid our allies. To the degree in which 
we are successful in conserving man power we shall help to win the 
war. 

The Red Cross does not aim to reconstruct devastated villages, but 
we do feel that it is a part of America's duty to contribute toward 
the temporary housing of the thousands of homeless and to aid and 
encourage them in reestablishing their lives by such assistance as we 
can give. We want to help them with implements, with materials, 
with expert services, with everything that we can that will help to 
put these valiant peoples back on their feet. 

We are sending our troops to the front to fight, but how long will 
it be before " the American section of the western front " will compare 
in a creditable degree with that of the sections held to-day by other 
nations. Pending the arrival of our Army in such forces shall we not 
immediately stretch a' hand to encourage and stimulate those who are 
fighting valiantly for our own, as well as their own? 

To this point I have had in mind only France. What about Russia 
with a thousand miles of battle front and with only 6,000 ambulances, 
as compared with the western battle front 400 miles long with 
63,000 ambulances? We should send to Russia thousands of ambu- 
lances with their personnel, and with as many doctors and nurses 
as we can spare from this country. What evidence will have been 
furnished to Russia that the United States is her ally in this war 
if she has nothing more substantial than our frequently expressed 
kindly sentiments? The way to hearten and encourage Russia is 
for the American Red Cross to extend to her, without delay, a prac- 
tical helping hand. It is my opinion that we of the United States 
can not justify ourselves in the eyes of Russia by merely assuring 
Russia tliat we are her ally when we are in position to join hearts 
with her through the medium of a national volunteer organization, 
even though we can not at this time join arms with her. 

A representative of the Queen of Rumania called upon us last week 
asking for aid, and when I requested a list of the most pressing needs 
of that stricken people the reply was " anything, everything." This 



European War Relief. 



21 



rather confirmed an official request to us to send at once 100 doctors, 
the necessary medical supplies to Rumania to arrest an epidemic. 
We can reach Rumania effectively only through Russia. Can we 
send substantial aid through stricken Russia to stricken Rumania 
with none for Russia herself? 

So it is all along the line in the Balkans and in other small coun- 
tries. Are they to know by personal contact and by succor that we 
are in this war, and that we recognize that they are fighting our 
battles, or are they merely to receive information to that effect 
through the press? 

Since the publication of this statement the Bed Cross 
has sent a mission to Kussia, headed by Dr. Frank Billings, 
of Chicago, and Mr. William B. Thompson, of New York ; 
and supplies and a commission, headed by Henry W. Ander- 
son, of Richmond, Ya., have been sent to Roumania. (See 
paragraph 169.) 

Information. For further general information, or in- 
formation concerning any of the many activities of the Red 
Cross, address the Bureau of Information, American Red 
Cross, Washington, D. C. (See also paragraphs 158 and 
following. ) 

43. Commission for Belief in Belgium. Perhaps the as- 
sociation which has attracted the most universal admiration 
in the present war is the Commission for Relief in Belgium, 
under the leadership of Mr. Herbert Hoover. Its work is 
too well known to require a detailed statement of how it 
has labored under the most trying conditions and has liter- 
ally rescued the invaded sections of Belgium and France 
from all but total destruction. The United States Govern- 
ment has determined to finance this work for the six months 
beginning June 1, 1917, and will advance a loan of $5,000,000 
a month to feed the people of the German occupied sections 
of France and a loan of $7,500,000 a month for Belgian 
relief. Mr. Hoover, in a letter to his associates, indicates the 
commission's plans. 

To my associates of the Commission for Relief in Belgium: 

We are sure that the whole American people will be glad to know 
that, through the sympathetic arrangements made by the President 
and the Secretary of the Treasury, the cost of the Belgian and 
northern France relief, so far as it is feasible under present shipping 
conditions, will be borne for the next six months by the American 
Government. This has been made possible by a loan of $75,000,000 
from the United States to the Governments of Belgium and France. 
106006°— 17 3 



22 



European War Relief. 



The money will be advanced by the Treasury in installments of $12,- 
500,000 per month, of which $7,500,000 will be available for Belgian 
relief and $5,000,000 for the relief in northern France. The way is 
open so that at the termination of the six months thus provided for 
application may be made to the Government for further loans. We 
desire to state that, although the commission has endeavored for 
many months to secure this gratifying result, we feel that the ap- 
peals that have been made by you have largely influenced the Govern- 
ment in finally granting the request of the Belgian and French Gov- 
ernments. Therefore the time, energy, and money expended in your 
campaign have done more than to bring in immediate contributions ; 
they have helped to insure the relief of Belgium and northern France 
throughout the war. 

The commission has long desired Government recognition in order 
that its work should be more firmly established as a distinctly Ameri- 
can undertaking, and we feel that you will join with us in intense 
satisfaction that the work has now become a responsibility and a duty 
shared by the whole American Nation. 

Realizing that each committee and community has adopted its own 
method of making appeals and collecting funds, we do not purpose 
suggesting the specific action which you will take in meeting the 
changed conditions resulting from this gratifying action of our Gov- 
ernment, but we outline below, in a few paragraphs, answers to cer- 
tain general questions that may arise. 

It will be noted that $12,500,000 per month is much less than the 
amount which we have stated as necessary to supply the imports re- 
quired for the limited ration we have endeavored to provide. The ex- 
planation lies in that this amount will now cover all of the foodstuffs 
that we can hope to ship owing to the recent swiftly developed short- 
age of the world's shipping. Our statements in regard to the amount 
necessary have been correct, and the balance between the $12,500,000 
and the former estimate required to give the limited ration will now of 
necessity be supplied by encroaching upon the country's stock of milk 
cattle, which had been reserved to maintain a supply of fresh milk for 
the children and to serve as a nucleus from which to restock the coun- 
try after the war. The importation of meat, particularly fats, has 
always been one of the most expensive items in our program. 

It must be clearly understood that the commission for relief in 
Belgium will continue to assume the entire charge of purchasing and 
transporting all food into Belgium and northern France. The com- 
mission also will continue to be the only fully regular vehicle by which 
money, food, and clothing can be sent into Belgium. 

The commercial exchange department will continue as heretofore to 
effect transfers of money into Belgium. By depositing dollars in our 
New York office or pounds sterling in London, the equivalent in francs 
will be paid to any person in Belgium, provided the name and correct 
address be supplied. The service extends over practically all of Bel- 
gium except for a small restricted portion under military control. 
Individuals or committees outside of Belgium can send money to rela- 
tives or friends, or support, by direct money contributions, any of the 



European War Relief. 



23 



specially deserving internal charities which use local currency to ad- 
vantage in payment of wages or in purchasing home-grown products. 
Over $5,000,000 has been transferred in this way since the belligerent 
Governments gave their official sanction to the operations of this 
department. 

The Government payments will commence on June 1, and we shall 
be glad to have remittances up to that date, but we make no appeal 
for contributions thereafter. 

We suggest that you offer to cancel all pledges made to you for 
future payments and offer to return any moneys which have been paid 
in advance on account of maturing pledges. 

The children of Belgium will have the first call upon all food which 
is imported, and every effort will be made to maintain the supple- 
mentary meal which has been so important a factor up to the present 
in sustaining the health of millions of children. 

Naturally, having built up such an effective organization, you will 
desire to keep it alive as far as possible, and we venture to suggest 
that, although the general relief of the countries involved will now be 
met by the Government appropriations, emergencies and special condi- 
tions may arise which could only be met by private donations. In 
such circumstances your organization will afford a ready means of 
meeting the demands of the situation, whatever they may be. Should 
any of your contributors desire to continue their gifts, notwithstand- 
ing the present position, they may be assured that their contributions 
will be expended sooner or later to great advantage, since, in any 
event, relief in many forms will doubtless be required after the war. 

Finally, I wish for myself and my colleagues of the administration 
of the commission to express my sincere appreciation of all the untir- 
ing, faithful, and truly beautiful work you have done as organizers 
and managers, and of the generous response which your long list of 
donors have made. My association with you has been, to me, an in- 
spiring revelation of the great heart of America. 

To you, as individuals and as organized groups, I express my 
heartfelt thanks. 

Herbert Hoover, 
Chairman Commission for Relief in Belgium. 

44. Clearing House for France. It should be borne in 
mind, however, that this governmental provision applies 
only to those sections of France and Belgium actually in the 
hands of the Germans. The uninvaded sections, however, 
are seriously affected by the war and are hardly less in need 
of aid. Assistance can well be brought to these sections 
through the agency of the War Relief Clearing House for 
France and Her Allies. This organization has outlined its 
own activities as follows : 

It gives its services and information free to all contributors. 

It cooperates with the American relief clearing house of France 
and its committees representing the various allied countries. Such 



24 



European War Relief. 



committees operate under the patronage of the heads of the respective 
Governments. 

It is kept reliably informed as to what form of relief is most needed 
and where, and disseminates such information to affiliated organiza- 
tions in America. 

It acts as a purchasing and forwarding agent for organizations and 
individuals wishing to contribute funds or supplies, thereby giving 
contributors the benefit of its exceptional prices. 

It obtains free shipment, with few exceptions, for contributions 
from New York to the designated destination in Europe. 

It enters contributions of supplies into ports of the allied countries 
free of customs duties. 

It is given free transportation for supplies over the French and 
Italian railways. 

It delivers supplies where they are most needed by the quickest and 
surest route. 

It does away with the former confusion, delay, and waste. 
It makes no charge for its services, and all contributions for relief 
are delivered intact, without deduction for operating expenses. 

Contributions of the most varied type are needed, and 
the clearing house in Paris has just announced the need 
every month of 2,000 tons of dried vegetables, canned beans, 
dried apples, tapioca, peaches, prunes, sugar, flour, peas, rice, 
and other foods. In addition there is frequent demand for 
clothing of all lands. Mr. Thomas W. Lamont is the treas- 
urer, and his address is 40 Wall Street, New York City. 

45. Other organizations. The need in the other European 
countries is also great. Serbia, Roumania, Poland, all have 
suffered frightfully, and there is not a single country which 
has not endured fearful privation. The list given below is 
but a partial record of the many societies operating. There 
are many not mentioned which are doing admirable work. 
Innumerable organizations, such as ihe Navy League and 
the Daughters of the Confederacjr, whose aim is not prima- 
rily philanthropic, have done splendid work in war relief, 
work which should be given every encouragement. 

46. DIRECTORY OF EUROPEAN WAR RELIEF ORGANIZA- 
TIONS. 

Ambulance Chirurgicale Mobile No. 1. Directrice, Mrs. Borden 
Turner, Farmers Loan & Trust Co., depository, New York. 

American Aid for Homeless Belgian Children. Miss Marie Louise 
de Sadeleer, treasurer, 9 East Thirty-ninth Street, New York. Gifts 
to be sent to National City Bank, New York. 



European War Relief. 



25 



American Ambulance Hospital in France. William R. Hereford, 
secretary, 14 Wall Street, New York. J. P. Morgan & Co., 23 Wall 
Street, New York. 

American Ambulance in Russia. Philip M. Lydig, secretary, 111 
Broadway, New York. Hamilton Fish, jr., chairman executive com- 
mittee, 111 Broadway, New York. 

American Authors Fund for the Relief of the Wounded Soldiers 
of the Allied Nations. Authors' Fund, care State Street Trust Go., 
33 State Street, Boston, Mass. 

American Artists' Committee of One Hundred Relief Fund for the 
Families of French Soldier-Artists. William Bailey Faxon, treas- 
urer, 215 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York. 

American Branch of the Fatherless Children of France Fund. Wal- 
ter W. Price, treasurer, 111 Broadway, New York. 

American Comfort Packet Committee, Mrs. Mary Hatch Wiliard, 
chairman, 66 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York. 

American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, Charles R. 
Crane, treasurer, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York. 

American Committee for Training in Suitable Trades the Maimed 
Soldiers of France. Mrs. Edmund L. Baylies, Biltmore Hotel, New 
York. 

American Fund for French Wounded. Mrs. Etheibert Nevin, chair- 
man, 122 Madison Avenue, New York. Miss Anne Morgan, treasurer. 

American Girls' Aid (French). Miss Gladys Hollingsworth, chair- 
man, 293 Fifth Avenue, New York. 

American Hostels for Refugees in Paris and Children of Flanders 
Rescue Committee. Henry W. Munroe, jr., treasurer, care Mrs. Mary 
Cadwalader Jones, 21 East Eleventh Street, New York. 

American Huguenot Committee. Edmond E. Robert, treasurer, 105 
East Twenty-second Street, New York. 

American Jewish Relief Committee for Sufferers from the War. 
Felix M. Warburg, treasurer, 174 Second Avenue, New York. 

American Jewish Relief Committee. Herbert H. Lehman, treasurer, 
20 Exchange Place, New York. 

American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. Money should be sent to 
American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. Merchandise should be sent, 
transportation prepaid, to American Red Cross Receiving and Ship- 
ping Station, Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, N. Y. C. S. Magee, secretary, 
1624 H Street NW, Washington, D. C. 

American Society for Relief of French War Orphans, Thomas 
Cochran, 120 Broadway, New York. 

American Students Committee of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Henry 
R. Sedgwick, treasurer, 107 East Thirty-seventh Street, New York. . 

American Women's Committee for the Charities of the Queen of 
Belgium. John Moffat, honorary secretary, 200 Fifth Avenue, New 
York. 

American Women's War Relief Fund. John Moffat, Fifth Avenue 
Building, New York. 



26 European War Relief. 



Appui Beige. Miss Raymonde Coudert Glaenzer, vice president, 105 
East Nineteenth Street, New York. 

Australian War Relief Fund. A. J. Howard, treasurer, 435 Fifth 
Avenue, New York. 

Belgian Refugee Workshop Fund. Prof. Albert G. van Flecke, 
American Security & Trust Co., Washington, D. C. 

Belgian Relief Fund. Rev. Father J. F. Stillemans, 431 West Forty- 
seventh Street, New York; J. P. Morgan & Co. depository, 10 Bridge 
Street, New York. 

Belgian Soldiers' Tobacco Fund, 949 Broadway, New York City. 

Blue Cross Fund for Wounded Horses. Mrs. Elphinston Maitland, 
secretary, 55 East Ninety-third Street, New York. 

British-American War Relief Fund. Henry J. Whitehouse, treas- 
urer, 681 Fifth Avenue, New York. 

British Red Cross Committee. Edwin S. Marston, president, 12 
Bridge Street, New York. 

British War Relief Association. Henry Clews, treasurer, 542 Fifth 
Avenue, New York. 

Bulgarian Relief Committee. Dr. Hugo Schweitzer, treasurer, 30 
Church Street, New York. 

Cardinal Mercier Fund, Maryland Committee. Hon. James Augus- 
tus Whiteley, chairman, 223 West Lanvale Street, Baltimore, Md. 

Cardinal Mercier Fund, New York Committee. Miss Marie La 
Montagne, treasurer, Buckingham Hotel, New York ; J. P. Morgan & 
Co., 23 Wall Street, New York. 

Central Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffering Through the 
War. Harry Fischel, treasurer, 63 Park Row, New York. In coopera- 
tion with the American Jewish Relief Committee. 

Central Committee for the Relief of Lithuanian War Sufferers. M. 
Salcius, secretary, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York. 

Children of America's Army of Relief. The Federal Trust Co., 85 
Devonshire Street, Boston, Mass. 

Colonie de Franceville of Madame F. Berkeley Smith. Mrs. Walker 
D. Hines, 122 East Seventieth Street, New York. 

Commission for Relief in Belgium. Alexander J. Hemphill, treas- 
urer, 120 Broadway, New York. 

Commission for the Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany. James 
A. Blair, jr., treasurer, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York. 

Committee for Men Blinded in Battle. William Forbes Morgan, jr., 
treasurer, 17 East Thirty-eighth Street, New York. 

Committee of Mercy. August Belmont, treasurer, 200 Fifth Avenue, 
New York. 

Dollar Christmas Fund for Destitute Belgians. Henry Clews, treas- 
urer, 66 Broadway, New York. 

Duryea War Relief. Mrs. Charles H. Ditson, 259 Fifth Avenue, 
New York. 

Emergency Aid Committee (Philadelphia). Mrs. J. Norman Jack- 
son, treasurer, 1428 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 



European War Relief. 



27 



Fatherless Children of France (Orphelinat des Armees). J. P. Mor- 
gan & Co., depository, Fifth Avenue Building, New York. 

Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. Charles S. 
Macfarland, treasurer, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York. 

Flotilla Committee. Miss Emily Chauncey, executive secretary, 38 
West Thirty-ninth St., New York. 

Franco American Committee for the Protection of the Children of 
the Frontier of France. Frederic B. Coudert, treasurer, 2 Bector 
Street, New York. 

Franco Serbian Field Hospital of America. Henry B. Britton, 
treasurer, 17 West Thirtieth Street, New York. 

General Italian Belief Committee, Longacre Building, West Forty- 
second Street, New York. 

International Beconstruction League. John Moffat, executive chair- 
man, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York. 

Irish Belief Fund Committee. Thomas Hughes Kelley, treasurer, 
5 Beekman Street, New York. 

Lafayette Fund. Francis Boche, treasurer, Vanderbilt Hotel, New 
York. 

Le Bien-Etre du Blesse. John Munroe & Co., treasurer, 200 Fifth 
Avenue, New York. 

Le Paquet du Soldat, 55 Pierrepont Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
L'Union des Arts, 712 Fifth Avenue, New York. 

Montenegrin Belief Association of America. Jane Stewart Cush- 
man, treasurer, 105 West Firty-ninth Street, New York. 

National Allied Belief Committee. Karl Davis Bobinson, secretary, 
200 Fifth Avenue, New York. James A. Blair, jr., treasurer. 

New York Surgical Dressings Committee. Mrs. Edward Bingwood 
Hewitt, 19 East Fifty-ninth Street, New York. 

Noel du Soldat Beige Fund. P. Dumont, 10 Bridge Street, New 
York. 

People's Belief Committee for the Jewish War Sufferers. Boris 
Fingerhood, secretary, 196 East Broadway, New York. Isaac Gold- 
berg, treasurer, 171 East Broadway. 

Permanent Blind Belief W T ar Fund. F. A. Vanderlip, honorary 
treasurer, 590 Fifth Avenue. New York. 

Persian War Belief Fund, Edward M. Bulkeley, treasurer, 25 Broad 
Street, New York. 

Polish Hospital Supply and Clothing Committee (auxiliary of the 
Polish Belief Fund), 681 Fifth Avenue. Miss Eleann Blodgett, chair- 
man. 

Polish University Grants Committee of the Polish Victims' Belief 
Fund. Mme. Jane Arctowska, 33 West Forty-second Street, New 
York. 

Polish Victims' Belief Fund. W. O. Gorski, executive secretary, 33 
West Forty-second Street, New York. 

Prince of Wales National Belief Fund. B. M. Stuart Wortley, treas- 
urer, 25 Broad Street, New York. 



28 



European War Relief. 



Refugees in Russia. John Moffat, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York. 

Relief Fund for the Families of French Soldier Artists. William 
Anderson Coffin, chairman, 58 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York. 

Roumanian Relief Committee of America. 43 Cedar Street, New 
York. Henry Clews, treasurer. 

Russian American Relief Association. Care National City Bank, 
55 Wall Street, New York. 

Russian War Relief Committee. John Moffat, secretary, 200 Fifth 
Avenue, New York. 

Secours National Fund for the Relief of Civilian War Sufferers in 
France. Mrs. Whitney Warren, 16 East Forty-seventh Street, New 
York. 

Serbian Distress Fund (Boston). John F. Moors, treasurer, 111 
Devonshire Street, Boston, Mass. 

Serbian Hospital Fund. Otto T. Bannard, treasurer, 1 Madison 
Avenue, New York. 

Serbian Relief Committee. Miss F. Hastings, secretary, 70 Fifth 
Avenue, New York. Murray H. Coggesball, treasurer. 

Shamrock Fund. Miss Mary Dougherty, secretary, 165 Madison 
Avenue, New York. 

Siberian Regiments American Ambulance Society. Samuel McRob- 
erts, honorary treasurer, Flatiron Building, New York. 

Sicilian Relief Fund. Mrs. Frederick Crowninshield, treasurer, 
Stockbridge, Mass. 

Ukranian, War Relief Fund. Simon Yadlowsky, treasurer, 83 
Grand Street, Jersey City, N. J. 

Union Nationale des Eglises Rgformees Evangeliques de France 
Emergency Relief Fund, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York. 
Alfred R. Kimball, treasurer. 

Vacation War Relief Committee. Miss Emily Chauncey, executive 
secretary, 38 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York. Miss Anne Mor- 
gan, chairman, Old Colony Club Building, Madison Avenue, New York. 
Miss Robinson Smith, treasurer, 30 West Thirtieth Street, New York 
City. 

War Babies' Cradle. Mrs. Jules S. Bache, treasurer, 42 Broadway, 
New York. 

War Relief Clearing House for France and Her Allies. 40 Wall 
Street, New York. Thomas W. Lamont, treasurer. 

Zionist Medical Unit. Miss Henrietta Szold, chairman, 44 East 
Twenty-third Street, New York. 



RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS . 



47. Need for cooperation. The war emergency has already 
had a very wonderful effect upon the national life. It 
has forced all men who have a common purpose to get to- 
gether in order that their work may be effective. Small 
differences, personal quarrels, and petty jealousies can have 
no place in the Nation's activity if we are to fulfill the 
duty which confronts us. The desire to cooperate has no- 
where been manifested more splendidly than in the work 
of the religious bodies within the Nation. Before our entry 
into the war these bodies had all been engaged, through 
their membership, in supporting the agencies of European 
war relief (see paragraph 41 and following), and undoubt- 
edly the members of the different religious bodies will 
continue this necessary work; but in addition they are all 
facing the same problem in the home community. 

48. Joint activities. We have come to realize that re- 
ligious organizations must be leaders in every community 
in all good works and that they must concern themselves not 
merely with men's souls but also with their bodies. In this 
time, therefore, the religious institutions can do no more use- 
ful work than to support within their own communities all 
those agencies which are striving to maintain the highest level 
of physical and moral welfare. An interdenominational, 
intersectarian, interreligious committee should be formed in 
every community, and now as never before this committee 
should seek to enlist the support of every member of 
the organizations represented in its personnel. The work 
that is to be done is especially pressing in towns and 
cities at or near the sites of the great Army and Navy 
training camps (see paragraphs 248 to 267, inclusive, and 
273). If the men in these camps are to be safe and the 
families from which they come are to feel secure those cities 
must be kept clean and wholesome. The Government has 
expressed its intention to do everything within its power to 
bring this about ; but public opinion, local assistance, strong 

29 



30 



Religious Organizations. 



enforcement of the law, and local intolerance of any con- 
nivance at the evasion of the law will be necessary if the 
Government's plans are to be successful. 

49. Forming opinion. America, by and large, is a religious 
country, and churches and synagogues and religious organi- 
zations of every kind are centers of inspiration and informa- 
tion. In every attempt to increase food production and to 
conserve our food supply, every industrial emergency, every 
call to care for the welfare of the civil population, the 
leader in religious bodies has an opportunity to disseminate 
information and to arouse the interest to serve the com- 
munity and to serve the Nation. It would be well if every 
clergyman, every priest, and every rabbi in the country 
would consider himself a special agent of the community's 
welfare and work now as he has never worked before for 
efficient and harmonious cooperation. 

50. Religious noncombatants. Certain religious sects, the 
most notable of which is the Society of Friends, are reluctant 
to engage in the actual fighting of the war because of their 
religious beliefs. To these bodies, who are as anxious to aid 
the Nation in the crisis as any others, the service rendered to 
the sick and wounded and the maintenance of the welfare 
of the community at home come with peculiar force and will 
doubtless bring peculiar satisfaction. 

51. Reserve Officers'' Camps. Some of the great religious 
bodies have already begun their work of helpfulness in con- 
nection with the reserve officers' training camps. No chap- 
lains have been assigned to these camps, and it is not antici- 
pated that any will be assigned to the second series of train- 
ing camps. In providing for religious meetings and in 
rendering the camp localities desirable recreation grounds 
for the men in training a very useful work has been done. 

CHAPLAINS. 

52. Every religious body will be given opportunity by the 
Government to have its representatives with the forces as 
chaplains. The number from each body will be proportional 
to its national membership. Every effort is being made to 
select the men who are especially fitted for the work to be 
done. 



Religious Organizations. 



31 



ARMY CHAPLAINS. 

53. Appointment. Chaplains in the United Sfates Army 
are appointed by The Adjutant General who consults in his 
selection advisory boards which represent the evangelical 
bodies (Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in Amer- 
ica), and the Roman Catholic and Jewish beliefs. 

54. Qualifications. The general requirements for chap- 
lains in the Army are, age limit 40 years, a good education, 
sound physical condition, irreproachable character, expe- 
rience or adaptability for work among young men. 

55. Applications. If you are a clergyman desiring to 
serve as a chaplain in the United States Army, write to The 
Adjutant General, Washington, D. C, for an application 
blank. When this is returned, send with it the indorsement 
of the controlling ecclesiastical body under which you serve. 
If a member of an Evangelical church, send in addition such 
an indorsement to Rev. Worth M. Tippy, representative of 
the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, 
Woodward Building, Washington, D. C. If a Roman Cath- 
olic, address Father L. J. O'Hern, C. S. P., St. Paul's Col- 
lege, Brookland, D. C, and enclose 10 letters of recommenda- 
tion, including the indorsement of your bishop. 

NAVY CHAPLAINS. 

56. Appointment. Appointments to the grade of acting 
chaplain in the Navy are made by the Secretary of the Navy 
and after, examinations the appointees are given the rank, 
pay ($2,000 per annum), and allowances of lieutenant, junior 
grade. There is one chaplain to each 1,250 of the total per- 
sonnel of the Navy and Marine Corps, varying in grade as 
captain, commander, etc. (pay from $5,000 to $2,000 plus 
allowance for quarters), with regular promotions. 

57. Qualifications. An acting chaplain must serve three 
years at sea he fore becoming eligible for examination for 
commission as a chaplain. A former act of Congress pro- 
vides that a chaplain must be less than 35 years of age at the 
time he is commissioned, but during the period of the war 
older men are eligible. About six months will be required 



32 



Religious Organizations. 



for the routine of examining an acting chaplain after the 
expiration of his three years of sea duty and the issuing of 
his commission as a chaplain. The department has therefore 
established a maximum age limit of 31^ years in the case of 
applicants for appointment as acting chaplain in the Navy. 
The minimum age limit is 21 years. Attention is invited to 
the fact that these age limits are established by law and the 
department can not waive same under any conditions. An 
applicant must be in sound physical condition, with a mini- 
mum height of about 66 inches and weight of about 132 
pounds. (These requirements may, however, be modified.) 
A vision of not less than 12/20 for each eye, unaided by 
glasses and capable of correction to 20/20, is essential. A 
medical examination precedes appointment. 

A candidate must be a regularly ordained minister of 
good standing in his particular denomination and in his 
community. His moral character and general fitness for 
the service required in the Navy must be established to the 
satisfaction of the Secretary of the Navy. He must show 
by testimonials his capabilities to gain the confidence and 
esteem of young men and to become a leader among them. 

58. Applications. Applications for appointment as acting 
chaplain should be made to the Bureau of Navigation, Navy 
Department, Washington, D. C, and in other respects as 
for Army chaplaincies. They must be written in the appli- 
cant's own handwriting, giving a brief history of himself. 

It is the desire of the department to make such appoint- 
ments to the Chaplain Corps of the Navy as shall be satisfac- 
tory to and recommended by the denomination to which a 
candidate belongs. Testimonials from the proper officers in 
a denomination should therefore be submitted with the 
application. 

MILITIA CHAPLAINS. 

59. Opportunities for serving as the chaplain of a militkt 
regiment are offered only when such positions become va- 
cant. Applications should be made to the various militia 
organizations in the different States. 



PEQFES3I0NAL MEN AND WOMEN. 



60. General statements. Those engaged in professions 
which do not involve the manipulation of materials needed 
,in the war are face to face with the difficult problem of 
serving the Nation and at the same time using their expert 
equipment. 

The principle stated in the following extract from the 
bulletin of the Yale Engineering Association may well be 
borne in mind, though it is the hope of all that the expert 
abilities of all citizens will be conserved to the greatest pos- 
sible degree by the Government 's plan of service : 

In the present enthusiasm that prevails it is most important to bear 
in mind a fundamental point that may be illustrated by the experience 
of an officer who spoke recently before the members of a city club. 
When he stated that the idea of service was willingness to take a 
minor position and give such service as possible to the Government 
and not to demand or expect an important position and make such 
position a requisite for entering the service, no one in the meeting 
was willing to enroll under these conditions. If a man has training 
and ability of a special value to the Government in excess of other 
men, this fact will soon be recognized, but in spite of this special train- 
ing many men will at first be of little value to the service because 
they have not the general military training and knowledge. War 
means sacrifice, and the chief sacrifice to many civilians will be that 
they must accept, if they serve at all, positions in the Army and Navy 
which they will not consider at all commensurate with the positions 
they hold in civil life, whether viewed from the standpoint of re- 
sponsibility or compensation. 

61. Teachers, physicians, surgeons, dentists, druggists, may 
all serve. by continuing their peace-time professions until 
definitely called to other work. So, too, may many in other 
professions whose age renders action and field service impos- 
sible. We shall need to keep our teaching institutions intact, 
and doubtless the work of nearly every profession will con- 
tinue, but the work will have to be done by a smaller number 
of men. Not alone those who go to the front will sacrifice ; 
those who remain must carry burdens up to the limit of their 
strength. 

33 



34 Professional Men and Women. 



In this connection it should be borne in mind that physi- 
cians, surgeons, and dentists are needed in large numbers 
for military service. (See paragraphs 142 to 155, inclusive.) 

62. Linguists. A limited number of men who speak and 
write French and German with perfect facility will be 
needed as interpreters and for work in detention and prison 
camps and with troops. The National Committee on Pris- 
ons and Prison Labor, Dr. E. Stagg Whitin, secretary, has 
perfected plans which have been approved by the War De- 
partment for a course of training to fit men for this work. 
The course is being given at the summer session of Columbia 
University, July 11 to August 17. Inquiry may be made 
there or to the National Committee on Prisons and Prison 
Labor, Union Trust Co. Building, Washington, D. C. 

63. Librarians in limited numbers will be needed for the 
camp libraries. (See paragraphs 264 to 266, inclusive.) 

64. Engineers and trained artisans. One profession which 
will, of course, be of primary importance is that of engi- 
neering in all its branches. Besides the work of actual mili- 
tary construction, roads, camps, etc., there will be demand 
for engineers for reconstruction in the allied countries. 
France is calling for a corps of engineers and an army of 
American railroad men to repair her crippled railway sys- 
tems. Russia's effective participation on the eastern front 
depends in large measure on the repairing and development 
of its transportation system. Its industrial mobilization de- 
pends largely on the technical aid received from American 
engineering and industrial experts. The work of assisting in 
rebuilding the allied countries, undertaken in part by the 
Rockefeller Foundation, will require the services of a con- 
siderable number of American technical experts. As 
Commissioner of Education Claxton has pointed out, the 
allies have suffered an almost irreparable loss of their highly 
trained scientists, and the next few years will see them in- 
creasingly dependent on our engineers. 

To aid the Government to get engineers and to utilize to 
the fullest the inventive ability of its members, the United 
Engineering Society has appointed a council of 24 well- 
known engineers. The society includes the Amerrean Society 



Professional Men and Women. 35 



of Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Mining Engi- 
neers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and 
the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 

Many younger men with engineering training will render 
an important service as semi-technical artisans in war indus- 
tries and actual field construction. A few highly trained 
specialists, already approaching the needed number, can 
direct, but a great number of workers is and will continue a 
constant demand. 

65. Chemists. There will be a limited demand by the Gov- 
ernment for trained chemists as inspectors and experiment- 
ers in the official laboratories and with the field and base 
hospital units. They can also perform useful service as in- 
spectors of explosives and ammunition in factories and arse- 
nals. For entrance into much of this work one of the first 
channels is the civil service. Chemists will be needed, too, 
in the manufacture of drugs. Chemists are advised to keep 
in communication with the schools where they were trained, 
for information as to where they can be of service to the Gov- 
ernment in a civil or military capacity. 

66. Lawyers. There will be only a very limited call for 
lawyers in the Government service. At the present time 
there is practically no need for lawyers in the service of 
the Judge Advocate General of the Army or the Navy. A 
few lawyers are appointed on examination by the civil serv- 
ice for solicitors to the Navy Department. The legal service 
needed in the emergency by the Treasury Department and 
the Council of National Defense has been of a volunteer 
character, and the work with the Food Administrator's staff 
will probably be on that basis. There are no further open- 
ings at present with the Treasury or Council, and the need in 
connection with food administration has not yet appeared. 
The Shipping Board is not in need of further legal assist- 
ance. 

Legal advioe. The legal profession can perform an im- 
portant social service by lending its efforts to needy clients 
in criminal and civil cases and insuring an equitable admin- 
istration of the law in war time as well as in times of peace. 
Legal associations, such as the War Committee of the Bar of 



36 Professional Men and Women. 



the City of New York, may be formed to mobilize the legal 
profession for such service as its members' training has 
especially fitted them for. 

67. Speakers. It is necessary to provide orators as speak- 
ers at public meetings where the principles of our Gov- 
ernment, the causes of the war, the duty of the citizen, 
and other topics may be discussed with a view to informing 
the public, enlightening the ignorant, and inspiring the 
faithful and lo}^al. This work would also embrace the pro- 
motion of the interests of the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A,, 
the Government loans, etc. 

The Division of Four-Minute Men of the Committee on 
Public Information (see paragraph 39) has organized over 
3,000 speakers throughout the country. They are to give 
short addresses on public questions in moving-picture thea- 
ters. The speaking is controlled by State and city chairmen, 
who are in communication with and receive material from 
the division. Inquiries should be addressed to Mr. William 
McCormick Blair, director, 10 Jackson Place, Washington, 
D. C. 

The National Security League, after a preliminary meeting 
at Chautauqua, N. Y., has undertaken to provide speakers 
who will address audiences throughout the country on pa- 
triotic subjects. 

68. Photographers with expert training are needed in con- 
nection with numerous arms of military service — usually with 
the Signal Corps, which includes aviation. (See under 
Army, paragraphs 199, 211, and 230.) 

69. Artists. The artists of the country can render a dis- 
tinguished service by employing their talents in the creation 
of war posters. The response so far has been very encourag- 
ing. The artistic energies of the French and Italian peoples 
have produced pictorial calls to arms and to financial and 
civilian support of the allied cause. The war will provide 
the opportunity and the challenge to American artists. 
Their work can be a great stimulus to recruiting for the 
various branches of service, to support of Government loans, 
to relief work, and to encouragement of civilian work behind 
the lines. 



Professional Men and Women. 37 



War posters. For those interested in contributing war 
posters, inquiries may be addressed to Charles Dana Gibson, 
Carnegie Studios, New York City. 

Camouflage. A more direct military service can be 
rendered by artists in camouflage, the art of protective and 
deceptive coloring and construction. Artists with a love for 
construction and physically fit for military service will be 
needed in limited numbers. Inquiries may be addressed to 
American Camouflage, 215 West Fifty-seventh Street, New 
York City. 

Draftsmen. A considerable number of expert draftsmen 
are required in the civil service at present. The Civil Service 
Commission makes the further announcement that until 
further notice women will be admitted to examinations for 
draftsmen and copyist draftsmen under the Navy Depart- 
ment. Continuous examinations, for which applications 
may be filed at any time until further notice, are pending 
for the position of ship draftsman, mechanical draftsman, 
electrical draftsman, and marine engine and boiler drafts- 
man, under that department. For further information as 
to mode of application, etc., see under The Civil Service 
(paragraphs 129 to 135, inclusive). 

70. Intercollegiate Intelligence Bureau, For men with col- 
lege and university training the Intercollegiate Intelligence 
Bureau, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C, under Dean 
William McClellan, is performing a useful function. This 
agency expects to receive calls for specialists from the gov- 
ernmental departments and through representatives at the 
colleges and universities throughout the country it can locate 
the men needed. It must be understood that the calls have 
only begun, and at present only a limited number of those 
listed with the Intercollegiate Intelligence Bureau can be 
placed. 

It should always be borne in mind that with every month 
the war lasts there must come an ever-increasing call for 
men in positions where the work of the hand counts for a 
great deal. It is conceivable that men and women with pro- 
fessional and semiprofessional training will be needed for 

106006°— 17 4 



38 



Professional Men and Women. 



such work. Very recently an agency has been established 
through which trained men and women may offer their serv- 
ices to the Government and indicate their proficiency in lines 
other than their chosen profession. This agency is the 
United States Public Service Eeserve with offices at 1712 I 
Street, Washington, D. C. Its director is Mr. W. E. Hall, 
whose success with the Boys' Working Reserve has especially 
fitted him for his new and broader task. For further de- 
tails, see paragraph 103. 



FINANCING THE WAR. 



71. General statement. The financing of America's part in 
the war and a large measure of the operations of the nations 
with which we are making common cause, is by act of Con- 
gress in the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury. The re- 
sponse of the American people to the first appeal for funds was 
heartening to every patriot and to every lover of freedom. 
The country was offered an issue of $2,000,000,000 of Lib- 
erty bonds and the people subscribed $3,035,226,850 — an 
oversubscription of $1,035,226,850, or 50 per cent more than 
the amount offered. This great success of the first install- 
ment of the Liberty Loan echoed throughout the world as a 
conclusive reply to the enemies of America, who claimed 
that the heart of the United States was not in this war. 

72. Taxation and bonds. America's part in the war will be 
financed by two means — taxation and bond issues. Taxation 
will represent the financial burden which will be borne by 
the present generation which engaged in the war, and bond 
issues will represent the financial burden to be borne in part 
by succeeding generations as their price for the liberty which 
we are fighting to preserve for them. Congress has author- 
ized the bonds necessary for the time being, and is now con- 
sidering the question of taxation. 

73. The bond act. The facility and expedition with which 
the bond bill was enacted and placed into immediate opera- 
tion established a record among nations. On the 6th of April, 
1917, the war resolution was passed. Secretary McAdoo 
immediately advised the Congress of the financial necessi- 
ties, and on the 24th of April, 1917, the greatest bond bill in 
the history of the United States and one of the greatest 
financial measures in the histoiy of the world became a law 
by practically unanimous vote of Congress. 

The measure authorized an issue of $5,000,000,000 in bonds 
and $2,000,000,000 in certificates of indebtedness. By its 
provisions the Secretary of the Treasury, with the approval 
of the President, is authorized to loan $3,000,000,000 of the 
sums raised to the nations engaged in war with the enemies 

39 



40 



Financing the War. 



of the United States. By July 6 a total of $1,303,000,000 
credit had been advanced to the allied powers. 

While the bill was pending in Congress, in order to con- 
serve all the time possible Secretary McAdoo began a study 
of the immediate financial needs of the countries fighting 
against Germany, because it was realized that the first effec- 
tive blows to be leveled at Germany would be dealt by 
quickly supplying to the nations battling against her all the 
necessary credits with which to buy the implements of war 
and the means of prosecuting the conflict vigorously, while 
the United States was assembling her military forces for 
active participation. This inquiry and a survey of our own 
immediate necessities was completed shortly after the enact- 
ment of the bond bill, and led the Secretary to place before 
the country a $2,000,000,000 issue of bonds as the first move 
to meet the situation. 

74. Short-Term Certificates. In the meantime, through 
the Federal Reserve banks, there were offered short-term 
certificates of indebtedness running for a few months and 
bearing interest at the rate of 3 and 3J per cent per annum. 
These issues were offered periodically in amounts of about 
$200,000,000 each, and before the bond issue was completed 
something approaching $1,000,000,000 had been obtained in 
this way. These funds were loaned to the nations making 
war on Germany by the purchase of their securities running 
for the same length of time and bearing the same rate of 
interest as the bonds of the United States. 

It was announced that the certificates of indebtedness 
would be received from any subscriber of bonds as a pay- 
ment on bonds allotted to him. By this utilization of cer- 
tificates of indebtedness, extending over a period of a num- 
ber of weeks, practically one-half of the loan had been ab- 
sorbed by the country and the necessary transfer of credits 
adjusted before the bonds had actually been subscribed and 
issued. This contributed largely to the prevention of any 
monetary disturbance in the unprecedented financial opera- 
tions of the Government. 

THE LIBERTY LOAN. 

• It was on the 2d of May that the initial offering of 
$2,000,000,000 of bonds was announced. The entire bond 
issue was christened " The Liberty Loan of 1917." The 



Financing the War. 



41 



money raised by it is for the purpose of waging war against 
autocracy. It is to supply the sinews of battle in the in- 
terest of free government. 

75. Details of the issue. Following the announcement of 
the amount, on the 14th of May the details of the bonds 
were given to the public. The bonds were dated June 15, 
1917, and bore interest at the rate of 3-| per cent per annum 
from that date, payable semi-annually on December 15 and 
June 15. They will mature June 15, 1947, but may be re- 
deemed on or after June 15, 1932, in whole or in part, with 
accrued interest, on three months' published notice, on any 
interest day; in case of partial redemption, the bonds to 
be redeemed will be determined by lot by such method as 
may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. The 
principal and interest of the bonds will be payable in United 
States gold coin of the present standard of value, and the 
bonds are exempt, both as to principal and interest, from 
all taxation, except estate or inheritance taxes, imposed by 
authority of the United States or its possessions, or by any 
State or local taxing authorities. The bonds do not bear 
the circulation privilege but are receivable as security for 
deposits of public money. 

76. Conversion. Provision has been made by Secretary 
McAdoo in accordance with the act of Congress for convert- 
ing the Liberty Loan 3} per cent bonds into bonds paying a 
higher rate of interest, if bonds bearing a higher rate are 
issued by the United States Government during the war with 
Germany. 

77. Partial payment. In order to make it as easy as pos- 
sible for the people of the country to participate in the loan a 
plan of partial payments was evolved extending over as 
long a period as the necessities of the financial operations of 
the Government would permit. The dates for payment in 
installments follow: 

Two per centum on application ; 
Eighteen per centum on June 28, 1917 ; 
Twenty per centum on July 30, 1917 ; 
Thirty per centum on August 15, 1917 ; 
Thirty per centum on August 30, 1917. 

78. Form of bonds. The bonds will be issued in both cou- 
pon and registered form, the coupon bonds being in denomi- 



42 



Financing the War. 



nations of $50, $100, $500, and $1,000. Registered bonds will 
be issued in denominations of $100, $500, $1,000, $5,000, 
$10,000, $50,000, and $100,000. Coupon bonds are payable 
to bearer, and the interest is payable upon presentation of 
interest coupons attached to the bonds, one for each six 
months' period. Registered bonds are registered in the 
name of the holder on the books of the Treasury and are 
pa}^able, as to principal, only to the person whose name ap- 
pears on the face of the bond. The interest on such bonds 
is payable by check to his order at the end of each six 
months' period. 

79. Floating the loan. In floating the loan, Secretary Mc- 
Adoo took every means to make it a popular loan and to give 
every citizen of the United States an equal opportunity to 
subscribe for the bonds. He made two trips through the 
country in order to explain the necessities of the Govern- 
ment, the great value of the bonds, and the wisdom of the 
people investing in them. 

The Federal Reserve System afforded a great instrument 
for the organization of the necessary machinery to distribute 
information, sell the bonds, and collect the vast amount of 
money placed at the disposal of the Government. The 12 
Federal Reserve banks, which are the fiscal agents of the 
Government, became the headquarters of their respective 
districts in handling the loan. The direction of the whole 
operation was centered in the Treasury Department, and 
the plan of dealing with the several districts through the 
Federal Reserve banks resulted in the establishment of a 
workable organization that handled the situation expedi- 
tiously and effectively. Great credit is due to the Federal 
Reserve banks. The National banks, State banks, trust 
companies, private banks, bond houses, newspapers, express 
companies, department stores, and many other private cor- 
porations, firms, organizations, and individuals patriotically 
cooperated with the Government to receive and transmit ap- 
plications for the Liberty Loan without expense to the 
United States or to the applicants. Never before was the 
whole machinery of business and enterprise organized into 
a great voluntary machine for service to the country with- 
out expectation of compensation or hope of reward, except 
the satisfaction that it contributed immeasurably to the 



Financing the War. 



43 



success of the greatest loan in our history, and thus to the 
cause for which the loan was made. 

The payment of subscriptions was so arranged as to pre- 
vent the slightest ripple in the financial situation. This was 
accomplished by redepositing in the banks to the credit of 
the Government the funds which were subscribed by the 
banks or their customers, the deposits being subject to the 
Government's call and remaining with the banks until 
needed. This process avoided the withdrawing of the money 
from circulation and locking it up in the Treasury. On the 
contrary it was left with the banks and was available for 
the country's credit needs for withdrawal by the Govern- 
ment as needed. When withdrawn from one bank in settle- 
ment of bills or obligations it meant simply the transfer to 
another institution, and in this way the money placed to the 
credit of the Government was kept in constant circulation. 

80. Number of subscribers and allotments. The great 
popularity of the loan and the strength of the support of the 
people to the President is attested by the large oversubscrip- 
tion and the great number of subscribers. While returns 
are as yet incomplete it is estimated that more than 4,000,000 
men and women of the United States subscribed for the 
bonds and that 99 per cent subscribed in amounts ranging 
from $50 to $10,000, their subscriptions aggregating $1,- 
296,684,850, while the number of individual subscribers to 
$5,000,000 and over was 21, their subscriptions aggregating 
$188,789,900. 

One of the chief purposes of Secretary McAdoo's cam- 
paign was to distribute the bonds widely throughout the 
country. The large number of subscribers, especially the 
large number of small subscribers, is most gratifying and 
indicates that the interest of the people was aroused as 
never before in an issue of bonds. 

In making the allotment of $2,000,000,000 out of the 
$3,035,226,850 subscribed, the Secretary decided to allot in 
full all subscriptions for bonds from $50 to $10,000. 

The subscriptions by Federal reserve districts were as 
follows : 



Boston 

New York__. 
Philadelphia 



$332, 447, 600 
1, 186, 788, 400 
232, 309, 250 



44 



Financing the War. 



Cleveland $286, 148, 700 

Richmond 109, 737, 100 

Atlanta 57, 878, 550 

Chicago 357, 195, 950 

St. Louis 86, 134, 700 

Minneapolis 70, 255, 500 

Kansas City 91, 758, 850 

Dallas 48, 948, 350 

San Francisco 175,623,900 

Allotments of bonds were made as follows : 



Subscriptions. 



Allotments. 



Up to and including $10,000. 

Over $10,000 un to and in- 
cluding $100,000. 

Over $100,000 up to and in- 
cluding $250,000. 

Over $250,000 up to and in- 
cluding $2,000,000. 

Over $2,000,000 up to and in- 
cluding $6,000,000. 

Over $6,000,000 up to and in- 
cluding $10,000,000. 

$25,000,000 

$25,250,000.. 



Total subscriptions . 
Total allotment 



$1, 296, 684, 850 
560, 103, 050 

220,455,600 

601,514,900 

234, 544, 300 

46,674, 150 

50,000,000 
25,250,000 



3,035,226,850 



100 per cent 

60 per cent, but not less than 

$10,000 bonds. 
45 per cent, but not less than 

$60,000 bonds. 
30 per cent, but not less than 

$112,500 bonds. 
25 per cent, but not less than 

$600,000 bonds. 
21 per cent 



20 (22) per cent. 
20 (17) per cent. 



$1,296, 684,850 
336, 061, 850 

99,205,000 

184,381,800 

58, 661, 250 

9, 801, 600 

10,110,000 
5,093,650 



2,000,000,000 



INDUSTRY, COMMERCE, AND LABOR. 



81. General statement. From President Wilson's address 
to the people, April 15, 1917 : 

This let me say to the middlemen of every sort, whether they are 
handling our foodstuffs or our raw materials of manufacture or the 
products of our mills and factories: The eyes of the country will be 
especially upon you. This is your opportunity for signal service, 
efficient and disinterested. The country expects you, as it expects all 
others, to forego unusual profits, to organize and expedite shipments 
of supplies of every kind, but especially of food, with an eye to the 
service you are rendering and in the spirit of those who enlist in 
the ranks, for their people, not for themselves. I shall confidently 
expect you to deserve and win the confidence of people of every sort 
and station. 

To the men who run the railways of the country, whether they 
be the managers or operative employees, let me say that the railways 
are the arteries of the nation's life and that upon them rests the 
immense responsibility of seeing to it that those arteries suffer no 
obstruction of any kind, no inefficiency or slackened power. To the 
merchant let me suggest the motto, " Small profits and quick service," 
and to the shipbuilder the thought that the life of the war depends 
upon him. The food and the war supplies must be carried across the 
seas no matter how many ships are sent to the bottom. The places 
of those that go down must be supplied, and supplied at once. To 
the miner let me say that he stands where the farmer does — the work 
of the world waits on him. If he slackens or fails, armies and states- 
men are helpless. He also is enlisted in the great service army. 
The manufacturer does not need to be told, I hope, that the Nation 
looks to him to speed and perfect every process, and I want only 
to remind his employees that their service is absolutely indispensable 
and is counted on by every man who loves the country and its liberties. 

82. Military industries. Skilled workers are needed in the 
Army and Navy, though the number as compared with that 
needed to furnish war supplies is small. In the Quarter- 
master Enlisted Reserve Corps (see paragraph 227) the occu- 
pations listed are motor- truck drivers, wagon masters, black- 
smiths, electricians, saddlers, painters, labor overseers, team- 
sters, storekeepers, farriers, forge masters, horseshoers, 
bakers, cooks, butchers, clerks, and watchmen. 

The Adjutant General's office (see paragraph 199) has 
sent orders to recruiting stations to enlist as many of the 

45 



46 Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 



following workers as possible: Blacksmiths, blasters and 
powdermen, cabinetmakers, wooden-boat calkers, bridge, 
house, and ship carpenters, clerks, cooks, divers, draftsmen, 
drillers, teamsters, electricians, enginemen, chauffeurs, far- 
riers, firemen, masons, mine foremen, concrete foremen, 
painters, railroad construction men, glaziers, horseshoers, 
lithographers, machinists, oarsmen, skilled boatmen, mule 
packers, photographers, pipefitters, plumbers, riggers, rivet- 
ers, harnessmakers, shoemakers, storeroom keepers, survey- 
ors, transit men, tinsmiths, and students of engineering. In 
the Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps (see paragraph 230) the 
men needed are radio operators, experts in gas engines, ex- 
perts in motor generators, motor-truck drivers, telegraphers, 
switchboard men, linemen, electricians, mechanics, and 
cooks. The Ordnance Enlisted Reserve Corps (see para- 
graph 229) requires men skilled in practically every trade 
and business, and military training as a soldier is not re- 
quired before enlistment. The members of this section are 
required to perform the duties of their particular trade or 
business incident to furnishing troops with ordnance equip- 
ment, and are not required, except in emergency, to drill with 
rifles, perform guard duty, or other purely military duties. 
Only men of sound physique and good character will be 
taken. Application blanks may be obtained at Army re- 
cruiting stations (see paragraphs 199 and 229). 

A large number of laborers of every variety will be needed 
in connection with the building and running of the 16 can- 
tonments for the new National Army. A list of these 
camps will be found on map page 251 in the appendix. 

83. Naval trades. The principal need of the Navy is for 
radioelectricians, machinists, firemen, and cooks. Bakers, 
musicians, yeomen, clerks, carpenters, coppersmiths, boiler 
makers, shipwrights, blacksmiths, painters, pharmacists, and 
ship fitters can also find employment in the Navy. Men who 
already possess a mechanical trade may be enlisted for duty 
in that trade, even if over 25, provided they are under 35 
years of age. Many painters, boat builders, ship carpenters, 
coppersmiths, drillers, ordnance men, pipe coverers, riggers, 
and ship carpenters are needed at once in the navy yards. 
The civilian mechanical force at navy yards and other naval 
establishments ordinarily numbers about 25,000. Since the 



Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 47 



1st of April this force has been increased to about 35,000, 
and it is daily being added to. This increase has been 
effected through the United States Civil Service Commis- 
sion. Of approximately 10,000 men appointed, 8,500 have 
registered for employment with the commission's local boards 
of examiners at the yards and stations, and the remaining 
1,500 have been certified through the direct efforts of the 
commission at Washington and its agents in the field. 

Applications for entrance into this service should be ad- 
dressed to the Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C, 
or to the nearest District Headquarters. (See Appendix, 
State Registers.) 

84. War industries. Skilled workmen will in most cases 
serve their country best if they remain at their posts and 
increase their care and efficiency in contributing to the prepa- 
ration of war supplies. Workers engaged in the manufac- 
ture of Avar materials should remember that their activities 
are second only in importance to those of the men in the 
trenches. Therefore until called to military duty they 
should stay at their tasks. Even when drafted if their 
worth appears of primary importance to the officials they 
may be exempted (see paragraph 241). 

85. New industries. New industries incident to our en- 
trance into the war will have to be started. Materials which 
in the past were imported from Germany must be manufac- 
tured in this country owing to the state of war. The fact 
that in peace time over 90 per cent of our surgical instru- 
ments were imported from Germany is indicative of the re- 
organization which will be necessary. 

Plans are already under way which will make possible the 
manufacture within our borders of instruments for military 
as well as domestic use. The situation is, furthermore, of 
particular importance to drug manufacturers, and it may be 
mentioned that such a drug as salvarsan will be available 
from production in this country. This drug was formerly 
imported from Germany but will now be manufactured in 
America. 

By direction of the President certain plants will be im- 
mediately constructed for the production of nitrates from 
atmospheric nitrogen. The plants to be constructed do not 
involve the use of water power, but use a process which is a 



48 Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 



modification of processes previously known; and the total 
expenditure involved in these projects is about $4,000,000. 
Nothing further can be said at this time about the process 
or the location of the works which are to be constructed. 
Of the total amount appropriated by Congress, namely, 
$20,000,000, substantially $16,000,000 remains undesignated 
as to its expenditure by the President. 

The committee, consisting of the Secretaries of War, In- 
terior, and Agriculture, to which the President referred the 
question of the selection of a site or sites for the develop- 
ment of water power, has made no report to the President 
on that subject, but is engaged in the making of further 
engineering studies, and the subject is temporarily closed to 
further discussion by localities and communities desiring to 
be considered as possible sites for the plants. 

86. Retail trades. In this field, as in all others, stress 
must be laid on the necessity for rigid economy, but special 
note may be made of the desirability for cutting down ex- 
penses in the way of delivery of merchandise. Small pur- 
chases may well be carried home, and the waste of the pres- 
ent delivery system may be largely eliminated by not re- 
turning goods. If unnecessary expenses of this sort are 
eliminated, a large number of men will be released for war 
service, and the equipment employed will be made available 
for other purposes. In this connection the advisability of 
buying products raised or manufactured in the vicinity may 
also be stressed. This will effect great savings in transpor- 
tation and will help to avoid waste of perishable articles. 

87. Shipbuilding. On July 13 Major Gen. George W. 
Goethals, then general manager of the Emergency Fleet 
Corporation, made public his program for ship construction. 
The program as embodied in the following extracts from a 
letter to President William Denman of the Shipping Board, 
may be altered, in view of changes in the Shipping Board 
and the nomination, by the President, of Edward 1ST. Hurley, 
as chairman of the Shipping Board, and of Rear Admiral 
Capps, U. S. N., as general manager of the Emergency Fleet 
Corporation. 



Industry, Commerce,, and Labor. 49 
i. 

SHIPS NOW BUILDING. 

Contracts for 348 wood ships have been let, or agreed upon, with 
a tonnage capacity of 1,218,000 tons, at a cost, completed, of ap- 
proximately $174,000,000. In addition I have under negotiation con- 
tracts for about 100 wood ships. Contracts for 77 steel ships have 
been let, or agreed upon, with a tonnage of 642,800 tons, at a cost of 
approximately $101,660,356. 

There are thus provided 425 ships of all sorts, with an aggregate 
tonnage of 1,860,800, at a cost of approximately $275,000,000, besides 
100 more wood ships under negotiation. I shall continue to let all 
contracts for wood ships (of design approved by the Naval Architect 
of the Corporation) which I can secure from responsible bidders. 

ii. 

CONSTKUCTION OF STANDARDIZED SHIPS. 

My main reliance for getting the greatest amount of the most 
serviceable tonnage in the shortest time will be on the construction 
of fabricated steel ships of standard pattern. For that purpose I 
shall use, to some extent, the existing yards. 

On July 16 I shall offer contracts for the building of two plants 
(to be owned by the Government) for the construction of fabricated 
steel ships, to produce 40 ships of an aggregate tonnage capacity of 
2,500,000 tons within the next 18 to 24 months. The additional con- 
tracts for wood ships, which I expect to place, together with the full 
number of fabricated steel ships which it is planned to build, will 
require more money than Congress has authorized. When I know 
how much will be needed, it will be necessary to ask Congress for 
further sums. 

in. 

COMMANDEERING OF SHIPS IN YARDS. 

On July 16 I shall deliver to shipbuilders a general statement of 
the program which I have long been maturing for commandeering 
ships now under construction for private account (such ships having 
an aggregate tonnage considerably in excess of 1,500,000 tons). 

The essence of this program is to commandeer all such ships and 
expedite their construction by adding labor and cutting out refine- 
ments. By thus federalizing each yard, giving it Government help 
and putting it on a speed basis, we shall produce its greatest effi- 
ciency. As fast as the berths are cleared each yard will be devoted to 
the production of a single type of tonnage for which it is best suited. 
I count upon the complete cooperation of the yards. 

There is great need for men in the shipbuilding trades, 
and our shipyards should be supplied with all the labor 



50 Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 



that they can use. It is estimated that some thousands of 
skilled carpenters and other woodworkers will be available, 
and though these would be far from sufficient they may be 
counted upon to form the nucleus of a larger body. One 
skilled man could direct the work of 25 or more who, if they 
have had any experience in the use of tools, can do the work 
required. 

Thousands of young men from the colleges who are not 
subject to draft are to be called upon to serve as apprentices 
in the yards in which the fleet of wooden ships are to be built 
to carry supplies to Europe. The task of organizing this 
force to speed up the building program has been placed in 
the hands of the employment service of the Department of 
Labor, under the leadership of Mr. C. T. Clayton. (See also 
paragraph 103.) 

88. Steel industry. At a conference on July 12 between 
the committee of the American Iron & Steel Institute and 
the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, Chairman 
Denman, of the Shipping Board, and Mr. Bernard M. Ba- 
ruch, of the Advisory Commission of the Council of National 
Defense, discussion was had of the prospective demand upon 
the steel industry of the country for supplies of various steel 
products for carrying on the war. The steel men repeated 
their assurance that their entire product would be available 
for the need, and that they were doing everything possible to 
stimulate an increased production and speed deliveries. 

The price to be paid for the iron and steel products fur- 
nished was left to be determined after the inquiry by the 
Federal Trade Commission is completed, with the under- 
standing that the price, when fixed, would insure reasonable 
profits and be made with reference to the expanding needs 
of this fundamental industry. 

The representatives of the Government assured the com- 
mittee of the steel institute that it was the intention of the 
Government to distribute the war requirements over the en- 
tire iron and steel producing capacity of the country. 

The large steel plants are searching continually for 
skilled machinists, and even men with but slight experience 
can find employment with high wages in almost any manu- 
facturing place. 



Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 51 



89. Munitions. Among war industries the manufacture 
of munitions naturally occupies a position of primary im- 
portance. The large plants are all busy and production has 
increased enormously over that of a year ago. The large 
factories have been building additional annexes, without, 
however, stopping production, and industrial conditions 
have thereby been improved. The large volume of business 
in most cases has already necessitated the plants being op- 
erated 24 hours a day, one shift of laborers immediately 
following another. 

The firearms available for commerce will be limited, but 
the Government in letting its contracts has in no case placed 
orders with firms which, because of the new work under- 
taken, would curtail the production already begun for the 
allies. 

90. Goal. The coal situation has caused considerable diffi- 
culty to those responsible for the welfare of this branch of 
the country's organization. 

The Bureau of Mines has for a number of years been en- 
gaged in studying this problem and has by this time com- 
pleted a number of reports that tend to solve many of the 
difficulties met with in the burning of coal. These reports 
are not only of extremely great value to the engineers and 
firemen of power plants, but they are also a practical aid to 
the householder in keeping up his furnace in an economical 
manner. Many of the conclusions can be put into operation 
at once with a great saving of coal and without any ex- 
pensive new equipment being installed. As an illustration, 
the substitution of coke for anthracite coal in many locali- 
ties is very desirable on the score of economy, and the bureau 
desires to stimulate the use of coke as a domestic fuel because 
of its cleanliness. The reports may be obtained by applying 
to the Director of the Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. 

The following statement has been authorized by the com- 
mittee on coal production of the Council of National Defense 
after a meeting of the full committee : 

The primary purpose of the committee on coal production, as out- 
lined when it was created, is to increase coal production so that an 
adequate supply will be available. How well it has accomplished this 
purpose is shown by the following figures : 



52 Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 



Bituminous coal loaded at the mines in the United States for rail 
movement amounted in May to nearly 40,000,000 tons, or over 7,000,000 
tons more than was loaded in May a year ago and 4,000,000 tons more 
than in April of this year. Anthracite shipments in May were over 
1,300,000 tons more than for May a year ago. This mine activity prob- 
ably makes a record month for rail shipments to the consumers, and 
figures already reported for the first half of June show that a still 
further increase is going on which is expected to make June exceed 
May by a substantial tonnage. So far this year, therefore, the mines 
have been surpassing previous records. 

A proposal that coal prices during the war be fixed by a 
joint governmental commission composed of the Secretary 
of the Interior, the defense council's coal-production com- 
mittee, and the Federal Trade Commission was approved 
on June 27 by a special committee of coal operators repre- 
senting the trade in all sections of the country. 

The operators voted to establish in Washington a perma- 
nent bureau for cooperation with the Government. It will 
be a clearing house of the coal association. 

WAB-KISK INSURANCE. 

91. Purpose. The Bureau of War-Eisk Insurance of the 
Treasury Department writes war-risk insurance on Ameri- 
can vessels and their cargoes and on masters, officers, and 
crews of American vessels. Plans are under consideration 
to have it also undertake the insurance and indemnification 
of officers and enlisted men in the Army and Navy of the 
United States. (See paragraph 182.) 

92. Insurance on vessels and cargoes. In the week follow- 
ing August 1, 1914, at the outbreak of the war, war-risk rates 
on cargoes and hulls were almost prohibitive and shippers 
paid as high as 25 per cent and 30 per cent to cover war 
risks through the North Sea. South American rates were 
up to 20 per cent, while rates to India and the Far East 
ranged from 15 per cent to 20 per cent. 

On August 7, 1914, Secretary McAdoo called a conference 
of business interests and suggested that a Bureau of War 
Eisk Insurance be established in the Treasury Department 
to afford to our suffering commerce at reasonable rates the 
necessary protection against war risks. At the suggestion 
of the Secretary a bill was accordingly introduced in Con- 



Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 53 



gress and enacted into law on September 2, 1914. On Sep- 
tember 3, the next day, the bureau was organized and ready 
for business. It has proved of immeasurable service to the 
business of the country, affording protection against war 
risks at reasonable rates. The total amount insured from 
September 2, 1914, to June 30, 1917, was $623,964,598. 

A general schedule of rates has been published, and defin- 
ite rates are quoted when the bureau is advised of the name 
of the vessel, the voyage (all ports named), the amount of 
insurance required, the name of the insured, and the approxi- 
mate sailing date. 

All quotations are made for 48 hours' acceptance and filing 
of application, accompanied by certified check (made pay- 
able to the Treasurer of the United States) in payment of 
the premium, and with the warranty that the vessel will sail 
within 15 days from the date of the application. No insur- 
ance will be accepted after a vessel has sailed. 

93. Life and accident insurance. With the approval of the 
President, Secretary McAdoo on May 2, 1917, recommended 
that the powers of the War-Risk Insurance Bureau of the 
Treasury Department be enlarged so as to permit the grant- 
ing of war-risk insurance on the lives of officers and seamen 
of American merchant ships, just as war-risk insurance on 
the hulls and cargoes of the vessels themselves is granted. 
The bill was passed by Congress and was signed by the 
President on June 12, 1917. This additional insurance pro- 
tection provides not alone for insurance of the lives of the 
men against the risks of war upon the high seas but also for 
certain indemnities for injuries, as well as for compensation 
during captivity. Exercising the power granted to him by 
law, the Secretary has issued an order requiring the owners 
of vessels to take out war-risk insurance for the officers and 
crews of their vessels traveling in the war zone. The insur- 
ance is permissive for the rest of the world. 

94. Policies of insurance protecting the officers and seamen 
of the American merchant marine are on a form known as 
blanket contracts, one policy being issued to cover the entire 
complement (master, officers, and crew) of the vessel. For 
identification purposes an application is required in con- 
nection with each policy, upon which is listed the name of 
each individual, his nationality, address, position occupied, 

106006°— 17 5 



54 Industry , Commerce, and Labor. 



rate of wages per month (including bonuses), and the 
amount for which he is insured, and this form must be com- 
pleted before the policy is written. 

The form just referred to is known as the final applica- 
tion. It is preceded, in practically every case, by a " pro- 
visional " application. This form is necessary because in 
most cases the crew of the boat is not completed until just 
before sailing, and it is almost impossible for the vessel 
owners or charterers to furnish a final application until 
after the boat has sailed, and in order to effect the insurance 
until such time as the final application can be completed 
and forwarded to the bureau, " provisional " application 
referred to above serves to bind the insurance. 

95. Amount of insurance. The policy is effective in the 
event of death, dismemberment, permanent and total disabil- 
ity as the result of any act of war, or detention after capture 
by an enemy of the United States, and the amount of insur- 
ance provided is based on earnings. In all cases where the 
monthly earnings of the individual insured, including the 
bonuses, amounts to less than $125 per month, the amount 
of insurance granted is $1,500. In all cases where the 
monthly wage, including bonuses, exceeds $126, but not 
$416.66, the amount of insurance is 12 times the monthly 
earnings. In cases where the monthly earnings exceed 
$416.66, i. e., $5,000 per annum, the amount of insurance is 
$5,000; in other words, the minimum amount of insurance 
provided under the present form for seamen is $1,500 and 
the maximum $5,000. 

The policy pays 100 per cent for loss of life, both hands, 
both arms, both feet, or both legs, or both eyes; for loss of 
one hand 50 per cent, one arm 65 per cent, one foot 50 per 
cent, one leg 65 per cent, one eye 45 per cent, and total de- 
struction of hearing 50 per cent* 

96. Detention by enemy. In the event of detention by an 
enemy of the United States following capture, compensa- 
tion is paid at the same rate as the earning of the detained 
person immediately preceding such detention for the period 
of detention, until such time as the total compensation so 
paid shall amount to the principal sum for which the indi- 
vidual is insured, all payments provided for in the policy 
to be made to the master, officer, or member of the crew, 



Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 



55 



except that a payment for loss of life will be made to the 
estate of the insured for distribution to his family, free from 
liability at death, and payment for compensation on account 
of detention will be made to dependents of the individual 
insured, if designated by the person detained. Aggregate 
payments with respect to any one person shall not exceed 
the principal sum for which that individual is insured. A 
new policy is provided for each trip. 

COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION". 

97. Railroads. New and pressing problems have likewise 
confronted those who are responsible for the commerce of 
the country. European experience at the outset of the war 
illustrated the absolute necessity for keeping the country's 
railroad service in a condition as near to that of normal 
times as was possible. Thanks to this lesson and the realiza- 
tion of its supreme importance, the railroads have been 
able to a large extent to meet unusual problems of transpor- 
tation and to avoid serious blockades. One thing above all 
others must continue to be borne in mind by those men en- 
gaged in railroading — stay at your posts until you are defi- 
nitely instructed to enter other service. 

Skilled railroad men will form one of the first units to be 
sent to France, and the American Engineering Commission 
is now in Russia. The operating efficiency of the railroads 
must be maintained for a successful mobilization, but there 
will have to be a thorough economizing on rolling stock. 
While passenger service itself should be kept commensurate 
with the needs of the traveling public, some of the luxuries 
of travel, such as parlor, chair, observation, and lounging 
cars, etc., will have to be cut down. All special excursion 
trains, local accommodation trains poorly patronized, may 
have to be reduced for the duration of the war. The author- 
ities controlling transportation have an important func- 
tion to perform in fixing the priority of freight. War 
industries must have the first call on cars for shipment and 
for transporting raw material. Industry will feel the pres- 
sure of war here as scarcely anywhere else, and much criti- 
cism and many hardships are bound to occur. With limited 
rolling stock, " business as usual " in all branches is scarcely 
possible. 



56 Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 



The Interstate Commerce Commission has created a divi- 
sion of car service under the authority conferred by the car- 
service act approved May 29, 1917, amending section 1 of the 
act to regulate commerce, to deal with the movement, dis- 
tribution, exchange, interchange, and return of freight cars. 
Complaints and communications regarding car service re- 
ceived by the Interstate Commerce Commission will be han- 
dled through the new division. The carriers have appointed 
local car-service committees at some 25 points throughout 
the country, and the National Industrial Traffic League has 
appointed similar committees of shippers at the same points, 
the aim being to secure harmony and cooperation between 
shippers and carriers. The commission suggests that these 
committees should meet jointly where necessary to adjust 
local affairs; any irreconcilable differences which arise may 
be referred to the carriers' commission on car service or to 
the division of car service of the Interstate Commerce Com- 
mission for adjustment. 

Mr. Fairfax Harrison, chairman of the Railroads War 
Board, has made the following statement: 

The railroads of the United States, as part of their effort under the 
direction of the Railroads War Board to make available a maximum 
of transportation energy for the movement of freight necessary for 
the successful conduct of the war, report the elimination of passenger 
trains aggregating 16,267,028 miles of train service per year. 

This is done by the railroads to save man power, fuel, and motive 
power, that they may be applied to the transportation of necessities. 

Every ton of coal, every locomotive, every mile of track space, every 
man whose duties are absorbed by an unnecessary passenger train 
can be put to effective use in freight service, and nothing is more 
necessary at the moment to insure the safety and prosperity of the 
country than that the railroads be able to handle the utmost possible 
amount of freight. The railroads gave in April some 15 per cent more 
freight service, with practically the same facilities, as in the same 
month last year. 

The elimination of passenger service already reported will make 
available for other purposes over 1,120,000 tons of coal. 

98. Inland water transportation. The problems confront- 
ing those responsible for inland water transportation are, in 
many ways, similar to those of railroad operators. The 
Council of National Defense has organized a commission on 
inland water transportation whose function will be the sys- 
tematizing of the work of companies engaged in this work. 



Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 57 



It is hoped through this agency, to aid in some degree in 
meeting the existing shortage in freight cars in sections 
where water transportation is possible. 

Mr. Fairfax Harrison, of the Railroads War Board, has 
made the following statement: . 

The railroads will welcome any practicable water transportation 
and are prepared to cooperate cordially with responsible persons 
or corporations who may provide such water transportation by the 
exchange of traffic, the assurance of joint through bills of lading, 
and, if necessary, where conditions justify it, by joining the water 
carriers in the building of tracks to connect the railroads with the 
wharves and landings of water carriers. 

99. Shipping must be provided not only for transport and 
munition service, but also to carry food and coal and steel 
to our allies. Italy must have coal and steel from outside 
her borders if her munition factories are to run at full 
schedule. No Italian offensive can be effective if coal and 
steel are not imported. This brings a call to our miners, 
railroads, and merchantmen. 

100. Merchant marine engineers and officers. On June 20 
Mr. William Denman, then chairman of the Shipping Board, 
announced a country-wide call by the board for engineers to 
serve on the forthcoming war fleet of the merchant marine. 

Not less than 5,000 additional engineer officers will be 
needed on American ships in the next 18 months. Antici- 
pating this demand, the board will establish marine engi- 
neering schools, in which to train, men not now qualified to 
receive papers. Each term will last one month. The ex- 
pense of tuition is borne by the Shipping Board. Marine 
engineers of all grades, oilers, and water tenders, and sta- 
tionary engineers, are eligible for the classes. 

As the rules of the Steamboat-Inspection Service covering 
qualifications of applicants for examination have been re- 
cently modified, the Shipping Board expects a response to 
its call from all parts of the country. 

After passing their examinations, engineer students will 
be given an opportunity for further training under service 
conditions until wanted on ships of the new merchant marine. 

The board is also recruiting for the merchant service 
5,000 masters and mates, and is establishing a chain of 



58 Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 



schools in navigation on both coasts to train those needing 
preliminary instruction. 

There are seven schools in New England : At Harvard and 
Technology, New Bedford, Portland, Rockland, Machias, 
and Boothbay Harbor. A second chain of the schools em- 
braces Greenport, L. I. ; Atlantic City ; Cape May ; Crisfield, 
Md. ; Philadelphia ; Baltimore ; and Norfolk. A third will 
embrace Charleston, Jacksonville, Mobile, New Orleans, and 
Galveston, and a fourth Los Angeles, San Francisco, and 
Portland, Oregon. Schools will be established later at 
points on the Great Lakes. 

The engineering schools which opened July 2 are at Insti- 
tute of Technology, Cambridge, where 150 men a month can 
be handled in a class; Stevens Institute, Hoboken, N. J.; 
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; the Case School of 
Applied Science, Cleveland ; the Armour Institute, Chicago ; 
Washington University, Seattle; and Tulane University, 
New Orleans. 

The following is a list showing the names and addresses, 
together with the territory covered by the various district 
officers, of the United States Shipping Board, Emergency 
Fleet Corporation: 

W. H. Hand, jr., Customhouse, Boston, Mass. East Massachusetts 
to Maine, inclusive. 

Eads Johnson, 115 Broadway, New York, N. Y. New Jersey (out- 
side the Delaware River), New York, and to eastern Massachusetts. 

G. R. McDermott, Room 302, 1319 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. 
Chesapeake and Delaware, and Atlantic coast from Philadelphia to 
Norfolk. 

W. C. McGowan, 505 Heard Building, Jacksonville, Fla. North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Atlantic and Gulf coast lines of 
Florida to and including the Apalachicola River on the west. 

Warren Johnson, 817-819 Hibernia Bank Building, New Orleans, 
La. From the Apalachicola River on the east to, but not including, 
the Mississippi River on the west. 

Charles N. Crowell, 1316 Carter Building, Houston, Tex. Texas 
and the Mississippi River. 

A. F. Pillsbury, 310 Sansome, San Francisco, Cal. Pacific coast. 

John F. Blain (under Capt. Pillsbury), Securities Building, Seattle, 
Wash. Seattle and vicinity. 

Aliens who are not subjects of the German Government 
or of its allies may serve as watch officers on American ships 



Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 59 



in foreign trade by appearing before local inspectors of the 
Steamboat-Inspection Service and obtaining licenses from 
them. 

LABOR. 

101. The labor supply. Even industries not directly con- 
nected with the war are feeling its results in many ways. For 
one thing the departure of men who joined the military forces 
or who entered other fields has given rise to a serious em- 
ployment problem. It is of especial importance that such a 
condition should not be allowed to grow acute, for a sharp 
decline in the production of articles only remotely connected 
with the war might seriously embarrass the Government. 
The employment service of the Department of Labor is 
organizing labor with a view to making prompt responses to 
appeals from vital industries. 

102. Labor exchanges. The question of securing an ade- 
quate labor supply naturally falls within the work of the 
Department of Labor. Through its employment service, 
which is represented in all parts of the country, efforts are 
being made with a view to securing necessary mechanics for 
government arsenals and navy yards, shipbuilders for con- 
struction of merchant vessels which are to be erected under 
the direction of the Shipping Board, and unskilled workers 
for the tillage of the soil. 

The possibilities and usefulness of the Federal Employ- 
ment Service are well illustrated by the dispatch with which 
the first order of the Shipping Board for assistance was 
filled. Within four days after the appeal had reached the 
Department of Labor its officers throughout the country had 
succeeded in locating some 15,000 men experienced in ship- 
building who were available for Government work. 

An account of the work being done to solve the problem 
of farm labor will be found in the sections on agriculture 
(see paragraphs 119 to 121, inclusive). Particularly note- 
worthy is the work of the United States Boys Working Ee- 
serve. (See also the lists of labor bureaus in the State reg- 
isters, Appendix, pages 203 ff.) 



60 Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 



For a description of the need for maintaining labor stand- 
ards see under " Domestic welfare," paragraphs 1 to 8, 
inclusive. 

103. The United States Public Service Reserve. On July 
12 the Department of Labor announced plans for establish- 
ing for adults a working reserve similar to the successful 
Boys' Working Reserve. This will be called the United 
States Public Service Reserve. Those who are willing to 
engage in such service, whether in a voluntary or wage- 
earning capacity, are asked to enroll. Detailed information 
as to the qualifications of each member will be secured, 
studied, and recorded. Arrangements have been made to 
get prompt information of opportunities for service. Avail- 
able members will be put in touch with governmental depart- 
ments and other employers who need men for work of value 
to the Nation. 

A certificate of enrollment and an appropriate badge or' 
button will be given each member. The application form of 
the reserve states: 

I hereby apply for membership in the United States Public Service 
Reserve, United States Department of Labor, and request registra- 
tion in its records of the accompanying description of my training, 
experience, aptitudes, and capacity for service. I further request the 
United States Public Service Reserve whenever it learns of a need, 
in public or private employment, for service in the national interest 
of a man of my qualifications, to notify me, with full particulars, 
including duties and compensation, and thereby afford me an oppor- 
tunity to assist under the auspices of the reserve. I make this ap- 
plication because I desire a practical opportunity in this war emer- 
gency to contribute personal service by doing work that will aid the 
general welfare. 

The Public Service Reserve will furnish an authorized 
national organization for listing those desiring service and 
supplying those needing it. It will supplement the regular 
employment service of the Department of Labor, which is now 
placing about 20,000 men a month, by supplying a reservoir 
of available men of all degrees of skill and attainment who 
are ready and able to meet emergencies as they arise. In 
bringing possibilities of employment under governmental 
departments to the attention of its members it will make 
clear that such positions are attainable only on conforming 



Industry, Commerce, and Labor. 61 



with the applicable requirements of the Civil Service Com- 
mission. It will encourage and enlist the help of all organi- 
zations engaged in vocational training in order that the 
transfer of men from unessential to essential industries may 
be facilitated. It will seek the cooperation and try to stimu- 
late and utilize the activities of the various technical, pro- 
fessional, and other organizations which have been doing 
excellent work in mobilizing their members for national 
service. It will furnish an official channel through which 
opportunities for service may be communicated to the mem- 
bers of such organizations. It will seek to enroll as many as 
possible of those whose applications are already on file in 
Washington, in order that they may be more readily found 
when the need for assistance arises. 

The organization will be conducted by a director (Mr. 
W. E. Hall) responsible to the Secretary of Labor, who will 
be assisted by associate directors and advisory committees of 
technical and other experts. As the work extends, the State 
councils of defense will be asked to nominate State directors 
and boards. These officers, together with representatives to 
be appointed by technical societies and other affiliated organi- 
zations, will constitute a general council. • 

Offices have been opened by the Department of Labor; 
forms have been prepared and the work of enrolling mem- 
bers has begun. Applications for membership may be di- 
rected to the United States Public Service Reserve, Depart- 
ment of Labor, 1712 I Street, Washington, D. C. 

104. Labor adjustments. Another function of this de- 
partment especially significant at the present time is that of 
mediation and conciliation in labor disputes. Working in 
close cooperation with the Council of National Defense, the 
department has put forth every effort with a view to pre- 
serving peace, to the end that the maximum of production 
may be obtained. The seriousness of the situation which 
prevailed in the industries of England at the beginning of 
the war is familiar to us all. To avert a repetition of such 
a calamity in this country the Department of Labor is using 
its every energy. To mention only one instance will visualize 
the importance of this work. Appeals have been made 
hitherto by another branch of the Government to the em- 



62 Industry y Commerce, and Labor. 



ployers and workmen of the tin-plate industries to increase 
to the utmost their output, that there may be available a 
sufficient supply of tin cans for the packing of foodstuffs. 
Trouble arose in several large factories, but through the 
intervention of the Department of Labor the difficulties 
were composed and a stoppage of work which would have 
resulted in irreparable loss was avoided. 

A willingness to adjust hours and wages through arbitra- 
tion is required both of employer and of employee if the 
maximum of efficiency is to be preserved. 

The laboring classes should guard against legislation which 
would decrease the restrictions on hours and conditions of 
work and on child labor beyond the point of greatest effi- 
ciency. 



AGRICULTURE AND THE FOOD SUPPLY, 



105. General Statement. From President Wilson's address 
to the people, April 15, 1917 : 

We must supply abundant food for ourselves and for our armies 
and our seamen, not only, but also for a large part of the nations with 
whom we have now made common cause, in whose support and by 
whose sides we shall be fighting. 

I take the liberty, therefore, of addressing this word to the farmers 
of the country and to all who work on the farms. The supreme need 
of our own Nation and of the nations with which we are cooperating 
is an abundance of supplies, and especially of foodstuffs. The im- 
portance of an adequate food supply, especially for the present year, 
is superlative. Without abundant food, alike, for the armies and the 
peoples now at war, the whole great enterprise upon which we have 
embarked will break down and fail. The world's food reserves are 
low. Not only during the present emergency, but for some time after 
peace shall have come, both our own people and a large proportion of 
the people of Europe must rely upon the harvests in America. 

Upon the farmers of this country, therefore, in large measure rests 
the fate of the war and the fate of the nations. May the Nation count 
upon them to omit no step that will increase the production of their 
land or that will bring about the most effectual cooperation in the 
sale and distribution of their products? The time is short. It is of 
the most imperative importance that everything possible be done, and 
done immediately, to make sure of large harvests. I call upon young 
men and old alike, and upon the able-bodied boys of the land, to accept 
and act upon their duty — to turn in hosts to farms and make certain 
that no pains and no labor is lacking in this great matter. 

The Government of the United States and the governments of the 
several States stand ready to cooperate. They will do everything pos- 
sible to assist farmers in securing an adequate supply of seed, an ade- 
quate force of laborers when they are most needed, at harvest time, 
and the means of expediting shipments of fertilizers and farm ma- 
chinery, as well as of the crops themselves when harvested. The 
course of trade shall be as unhampered as it is possible to make it, 
and there shall be no unwarranted manipulation of the Nation's food 
supply by those who handle it on its way to the consumer. This is our 
opportunity to demonstrate the efficiency of a great democracy, and we 
shall not fall short of it ! 

Let me suggest, also, that everyone who creates or cultivates a gar- 
den helps, and helps greatly, to solve the problem of the feeding of the 
nations; and that every housewife who practices strict economy puts 
herself in the ranks of those who serve the Nation. This is the time 
for America to correct her unpardonable fault of wastefulness and 

63 



64 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



extravagance. Let every man and every woman assume the duty of 
careful, provident use and expenditure as a public duty, as a dictate 
of patriotism which no one can now expect ever to be excused or for- 
given for ignoring. 

106. Need for increasing food supply. " The world's 
wheat production for 1916, because of the bad weather con- 
ditions and presence of disease affecting wheat, was com- 
paratively low. As compared with the five-year average 
it was short 88,000,000 bushels, but as compared with the 
record crop of 1915, it was 386,000,000 short, so that there 
was carried over into the present year only 164,000,000 
bushels. Moreover, no Russian wheat could be drawn upon 
by the outside world. 

" In the United States the crop of winter wheat is very 
definitely far below the normal. Even with the increased 
acreage for spring wheat the forecast for the United States 
is but 656,000,000 bushels. The lowest unofficial Canadian 
forecast is 250,000,000 bushels, giving us for the United 
States and Canada. 906,000,000 bushels. Adding to this the 
possible 100,000,000 bushels which may be carried over from 
the present and we have an approximation of 1,006,000,000 
bushels. 

"If we base our calculations on our present rate of con- 
sumption, we will need for this coming year for the manu- 
facture of flour for the United States and Canada 550,- 
000,000 bushels. We shall need to hold for seed for the 
crop of 1918 90,000,000 bushels. There will be needed in 
the various industries 10,000,000 bushels, and if we try to 
hold as a reserve to carry us over, only half of our present 
surplus, namely, 50,000,000 bushels, we will need to hold 
for the United States and Canada a total of 700,000,000 
bushels. 

"At the most conservative estimate our allies will need 
550,000,000 bushels of wheat and 425,000,000 bushels of feed 
grain to carry them through until the next harvest. The 
prospects in the United States indicate that our yield of 
corn, oats, rye, barley, kaffir and other feed grains will 
enable us to meet the second requirement, but if we use our 
wheat as we are using it at present we will have but 300,- 
000,000 bushels to export." (From Ten Lessons on Food 
Conservation.) 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 65 



107. Organization for meeting the task. In the Federal De- 
partment of Agriculture, the State departments of agricul- 
ture, and the State agricultural colleges and experiment 
stations the Nation already possesses officially organized 
agencies which for many years have been actively studying 
all agricultural problems. These agencies are working in 
very close cooperation and are and have been actively direct- 
ing their energies to the handling of such problems as are 
presented by this emergency. In addition to these central 
and field forces the department and the State agricultural 
colleges maintain in a large number of counties men and 
women county agents, whose functions are described below. 
The Nation also is fortunate in possessing many important 
farmers' organizations, such as the Grange, the Farmers' 
Union, the American Society of Equity, the Gleaners, the 
Farmers' National Congress, the American National Live 
Stock Association, the National Wool Growers' Association, 
and many others. These organizations are cooperating 
actively with Federal and State agencies in the development 
of national programs for production and conservation of 
food. 

Agricultural conferences were called by the Secretary of 
Agriculture and held at St. Louis, Mo., and Berkeley, CaL, 
early in April, 1917, and were participated in by representa- 
tives of the United States Department' of Agriculture and 
representatives of State agricultural colleges and State agri- 
cultural Commissions. These conferences suggested the crea- 
tion in each State, either separately or, preferably, in connec- 
tion with the State council of safety, of a small central agri- 
cultural body, composed of agricultural officials and repre- 
sentatives of agricultural colleges, of farmers' organizations 
(such as the Grange, the Farmers' Union, the American 
Society of Equity, the Gleaners, the Farmers' National 
Congress, and others) , of bankers' and business agencies, and 
of women's organizations. Such agencies now have been cre- 
ated in nearly every State in the Union and have rendered 
very effective service in connection with the organization of 
agriculture. The conference also suggested the creation 
of county, township, or urban bodies of similar constitution, 
working in close cooperation with the State central agency, 



66 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



to study and deal with problems of food production and 
conservation. 

The Secretary of Agriculture, on April 18, recommended 
to the Senate an appropriation of $25,000,000 for enlarging 
very greatly the force of the department engaged in coop- 
erative demonstration work, instructing in home economics, 
combating destructive insects and diseases, conserving per- 
ishables on the farm, and safeguarding the seed stocks for 
1918, including provision for additional Assistant Secre- 
taries. He proposed also a complete survey of the food 
supply, the licensing of all industrial establishments im- 
portant to agriculture or connected with the food supply, 
preference to agricultural needs in the movement of freight, 
enlargement of the telegraphic market news service, and in 
extreme cases the purchase of food products by the Gov- 
ernment, with authority to store and subsequently dispose 
of them. 

On May 5 the Secretary of Agriculture issued the follow- 
ing appeal to the women of the United States : 

Every woman can render important service to the Nation in its pres- 
ent emergency. She need not leave her home or abandon her home 
duties to help the armed forces. She can help to feed and clothe our 
armies and help to supply food to those beyond the seas by practicing 
effective thrift in her own household. 

Every ounce of food the housewife saves from being wasted in her 
home — all food which' s*he or her children produce in the garden and 
can or preserve — every garment which care and skillful repair make 
it unnecessary to replace — all lessen that household's draft on the 
already insufficient world supplies. 

To save food, the housewife must learn to plan economical and 
properly balanced meals, which, while nourishing each member of the 
family properly, do not encourage overeating or offer excessive and 
wasteful variety. It is her duty to use all effective methods to protect 
food from spoilage by heat, dirt, mice, or insects. She must acquire 
the culinary ability to utilize every bit of edible food that comes into 
her home. She must learn to use such foods as vegetables, beans, 
peas, and milk products as partial substitutes for meat. She must 
make it her business to see that nothing nutritious is thrown away or 
allowed to be wasted. 

Waste in any individual household may seem to be insignificant, but 
if only a single ounce of edible food, on the average, is allowed to 
spoil or be thrown away in each of our 20,000,000 homes, over 1,300,000 
pounds of material would be wasted each day. It takes the fruit of 
many acres and the work of many people to raise, prepare, and dis- 
tribute 464,000,000 pounds of food a year. Every ounce of food thrown 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 67 

away, therefore, tends also to waste the labor of an army of busy 
citizens. 

While all honor is due to the women who leave their homes to nurse 
and care for those wounded in battle, no woman should feel that, be- 
cause she does not wear a nurse's uniform, she is absolved from 
patriotic service. The home women of the country, if they will give 
their minds fully to this vital subject of food conservation and train 
themselves in household thrift, can make of the housewife's apron a 
uniform of national significance. 

Demonstrate thrift in your homes and encourage thrift among your 
neighbors. 

Make saving rather than spending your social standard. 
Make economy fashionable lest it become obligatory. 

EMERGENCY ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

AGRICULTURE. 

108. The emergency which the country faced as a result 
of its entrance into the war has called for the extension of 
the work of the Department of Agriculture along certain 
lines more rapidly than under normal conditions. Much 
is now being done along emergency lines in most of the 
offices and bureaus of the department by readjusting dif- 
ferent kinds of work so as to give most emphasis where 
it is now most needed; but the emergency needs will be 
cared for much better when additional funds for this pur- 
pose are provided. 

109. County agents. The number of men county agents 
will be greatly increased as soon as funds become available. 
The plans contemplate the extension of the county agent 
work to all the rural counties of the Union in which there 
is need for the work and the placing of an additional agent 
in some of the counties already organized. The number of 
men agents at present is about 1,400. These agents have to 
do primarily with* the introduction of improved methods of 
production, conservation, and distribution of crops and live 
stock, and with assisting people to organize for effective 
local effort. The women county agents will assist women 
and girls in their problems of production and conservation, 
especially in the work of home canning and drying. The 
staff of about 500 women county agents will be increased. 
These women experts, 35 of whom in one State are giving 
instruction in canning, will be instrumental in conserving 
millions of quarts of food. 



68 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



Women agents will be placed for the first time in cities. 
Thus many of the larger cities of the country will be pro- 
vided with women advisers on home economics. These will 
demonstrate methods of food conservation and utilization 
and will in some cases also stimulate the production of food. 
The women county agents in the agricultural counties will 
perform similar services. Through both men and women 
agents the formation of pig, poultry, and other clubs devoted 
to food production and conservation among young people 
will be stimulated. The choice of these men and women 
lies with the director of extension work in each State. The 
number employed will depend upon the number of trained 
men and women available. 

110. Information. To keep the people fully and promptly 
informed as to the agricultural and food situation and to sup- 
ply official directions for carrying out their individual parts 
in the national agricultural program, the department main- 
tains an Office of Information the function of which is to 
cooperate with the daily, weekly, and agricultural and trade 
press. 

As part of the campaign for the dissemination of informa : 
tion to individuals and to the public press, the Weekly News 
Letter of the department is supplied to the department's per- 
sonnel, to a large number of its volunteer cooperators, and 
to editors of interested publications. In addition to the news 
items and this weekly publication, the department publishes 
a large number of bulletins, circulars, leaflets, and posters. 
Of the last named a total of more than 8,000,000 copies deal- 
ing with emergency subjects have been issued since April 1. 
The department has added to and improved its Farmers' 
Bulletin series during the last few months. To meet the 
emergency, over 3,000,000 copies of Fanners' Bulletins were 
distributed during the first three months after the war was 
declared. Some of these bulletins dealt with such subjects 
as " drying fruits and vegetables in the home," " canning," 
" the small vegetable garden," " fighting garden pests," " the 
use of corn meal in the home," "bread making," and with 
many other subjects which have to do with production, con- 
servation, and distribution of food. 

Upward of 14,000,000 Farmers' Bulletins were distributed 
last year, and this year the department expects greatly to 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



69 



increase the circulation. They are obtained free by writing 
to the Division of Publications, United States Department 
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 

The department conveys its knowledge even more directly 
through the county agents, field representatives, and special 
agents, and through the field and teaching forces of the 
cooperating State agricultural colleges and experiment sta- 
tions. These agents carry the information directly to the 
people, and through actual demonstration, wherever this is 
practicable, prove the local value of the measures suggested. 

The chief Federal sources of information regarding the 
agricultural service and the food conservation are, of course, 
the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Labor, 
and The Food Administrator, Washington, D. C. (See 
below. ) 

State sources are : 

(1) The agricultural college of each State. 

(2) The agricultural departments of the various States 
(situated at the State capitals). 

(3) The various State commissions appointed to relieve 
the present condition (situated at State capitals). 

(4) County agents, representing both the State agri- 
cultural college and the United States Department of Agri- 
culture. 

(5) Local branches of the Food Supply Commission. 

(6) Local committees of the Council of National Defense. 
The number of agencies interested in food supply and 

conservation is enormous and can not be listed. It is believed 
that these agencies will do well to associate themselves with 
the appropriate local committees of the State and Federal 
food councils and work with them. All have work to do, but 
the efforts of all can be best conserved by working together. 

111. How to get aid from the Department of Agriculture. 
To secure help from the United States Department of Agri- 
culture one need only write to the department, stating the 
problem as clearly as possible or asking for help in some 
special field. The inquiry will be referred to those qualified 
to answer the questions, and the information will be sent 
in the form of printed material or individual letter. Or 
one may telephone or write to the county agent or the State 
agricultural college* or experiment station for assistance. 

106006°— 17 6 



70 Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



The average citizen is safe in assuming that if his problem 
has to do with anything that grows in the ground, or is 
derived from any animal, anything that is used for food, 
anything that is useful for clothing, produced or capable of 
being produced in the United States, the • Department of 
Agriculture is interested and either has an answer to his 
question or can help him to an answer. In the present 
emergency the department is mobilizing its information 
with the object of answering questions likely to arise under 
the new conditions. 

112. How to volunteer for agricultural emergency service. 
The department suggests that those who wish to volunteer to 
help the Nation in matters of food production and food con- 
servation should report to their county agents (see para- 
graph 109), to the field representatives of the department 
assigned to their localities, or to their State agricultural 
colleges or State councils of defense. The State colleges co- 
operate so closely with the Federal Department of Agri- 
culture that volunteers who work with the colleges render 
national service just as much as if they had tendered their 
service directly to the department at Washington. 

The department, in utilizing agricultural volunteers, en- 
deavors to use them in their own localities where their knowl- 
edge of local conditions will be of special service. Typical 
examples are the volunteer organizations which work with 
the county agents, who represent both the Federal Depart- 
ment and the State agricultural colleges. The hundreds of 
field men sent by the department on special missions simi- 
larly aim to interest and enlist, as volunteers, selected people 
of each locality. Thus, in handling the emergency farm- 
labor problem, the department developed a national plan, 
but worked through local agencies in each county who 
knew, at first-hand, the local farm-labor situation. 

113. Agricultural associations. Never so much as now can 
agricultural organizations be of service, In cooperating 
with Federal and State authorities, disseminating informa- 
tion, and arranging for cooperation in buying, use of 
machinery, supplying labor, and transportation and market- 
ing, they have a great opportunity to serve both the farmer 
and the Nation. It is a time for all to get together, to 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 71 



check inefficiency and friction, and the slogans of every 
citizen should be " Intelligent cooperation," " Get together." 

114. City gardens. A home garden should be grown on 
every farm and a back-yard or vacant-lot garden for every 
city family if possible. The results of this will be slight by 
comparison with what may be obtained by more intensive 
cultivation of farms, but they are nevertheless of decided 
importance. 

The Boy Scouts and the Camp Fire Girls have been 
set to work at the cultivation of certain strips of land, and 
the attempt is being made by some agencies to institute 
model farms and to train young boys in agricultural work. 

115. Live stock. The raising of live stock must be in- 
creased. This applies to all types of stock. Horses will be 
needed in large numbers to supply the new National Army, 
as well as for use in agriculture and industry. Great num- 
bers of horses have been lost in the war, and this curtailment 
has caused an appeal for cooperation to be sent to all breeders 
in this country and Canada. Sheep raising is of vital im- 
portance in view of the serious shortage of wool. Pork pro- 
duction should be increased substantially through the more 
extensive use of fall litters, better care, and better feeding. 
Beef -cattle breeding should be encouraged and milk produc- 
tion could be increased by more liberal and intelligent feed- 
ing. Poultry products should be increased. 

Special campaigns to increase the production of hogs and 
poultry, the two animal products capable of most rapid 
increase, will be carried on by the Bureau of Animal Indus- 
trj'. Work in forming boys' and girls' pig clubs and poultry 
clubs will be pushed in cooperation with State agricultural 
colleges. The bureau also will seek to bring about the more 
general production of infertile eggs after the hatching sea- 
son and will assist to save beef heifers of the West from 
slaughter and to distribute them to other sections, especially 
the Southeast, for breeding purposes. Campaigns for in- 
creased production and fuller utilization of dairy products 
and for fuller development of farm sheep raising also will 
be conducted hy the bureau. 

116. Cattle diseases. In addition to the efforts to stimulate 
directly the production of live stock the Bureau of Animal 
Industry will seek indirectly to increase production by com- 



72 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



bating animal diseases throughout the country on a more in- 
tensive scale than ever before. In its attempt to free the 
South from cattle-tick fever, so that more and better cattle 
can be raised in that section, the United States Department 
of Agriculture has had one of its biggest tasks. This disease 
annually takes, directly and indirectly, a toll of millions of 
dollars from the cattle industry. The fever is transmitted by 
the cattle tick, and the conquest of the disease, therefore, de- 
pends upon the elimination of the parasite. This has been 
accomplished over considerable areas by the dipping of the 
infested cattle in arsenical baths. If kept from cattle, the 
pests soon perish and the area cleared of them becomes free 
from the disease. 

The work of exterminating the cattle-fever tick is being 
carried on now throughout the quarantined area of the South 
by the Federal Government, the States, counties, communi- 
ties, and individuals. In the 10 years during which the de- 
partment has been campaigning against the cattle-tick fever 
an area of 312,012 square miles has been freed from the tick. 
All persons wishing to help put their communities in condi- 
tion to produce more and better meat should align' them- 
selves with the agencies active in their communities, or if 
work is not }^et under way should write to the United States 
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, for sug- 
gestions in regard to starting operations. 

The Department of Agriculture is waging in portions of 
the West a fight against the serious disease of sheep scabies. 
Excellent results have been secured so far. Of the original 
17 States quarantined against the disease in 1903, Texas 
and 9 counties in California now remain under quarantine. 
Individuals residing in sections where the disease still ex- 
ists who wish to assist in the work should write for sugges- 
tions to the United States Department of Agriculture. 

117. Control of insects and predatory animals. Through- 
out the country the Bureau of Entomology is assisting 
wherever possible in the control or extermination of insect 
pests which injure plants and animals. The annual dam- 
age to the wheat crop alone during the years 1909 to 1912 
was estimated at from 6 to 7.4 per cent. The bureau, 
through the teaching of control measures, has in many in- 
stances been able to prevent damage ^hich would have cost 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



73 



millions of dollars. Persons observing insects working dam- 
age to crops or animals, especially strange insects, should 
immediately notify the bureau at Washington, D. C. 

It is contemplated that if funds are made available for 
the purpose, the Bureau of Entomology and the Bureau of 
Biological Survey will extend their activities in the field to 
protect crops and live stock. The former bureau will assist 
in organizing communities for combating insect pests, both 
of crops and live stock. The latter agency will increase its 
field force of hunters, trappers, and poisoners of predatory 
animals and small animal pests which attack crops in the 
sparsely settled States of the West. 

118. Aid to plant industries. Primarily the Bureau of 
Plant Industry carries on experimental and research work 
for the benefit of the agriculture of the country. One 
of the most important of the activities which directly bene- 
fit the individual farmer, developed largely since the war 
emergency has arisen, is concerned with the locating of 
seed stocks and their efficient distribution. A committee 
created for the most part from the bureau is carrying 
on an active canvass of the country with the aim of gath- 
ering information in regard to all important seeds in which 
a shortage has occurred or is likely to occur. Farmers or 
seedsmen who have surplus stocks of seeds may cooperate 
with the bureau by informing it in regard to their holdings. 

It is also endeavoring to make it possible for farmers to 
know the quality of seed which they purchase. To this 
end the seed-testing laboratories have been enlarged, and 
arrangements are being made with dealers in seed to specify 
on packages holding seed the germinability and purity and, 
where it is important, the place of origin of the seed. 

The bureau also is doing special advisory work in the 
identification and control of plant diseases, placing em- 
phasis on the cereals, potatoes, beans, and truck crops. It is 
enlarging its work relating to the storage of both Irish 
and sweet potatoes with a view to making these crops 
available throughout the year as economic conditions war- 
rant. The greatly enlarged peanut production will re- 
ceive consideration, as the bureau plans to assist by giving 
growers the latest advice on harvesting and curing the crop. 
Those interested in these or other special agricultural activi- 
ties should make theis wants known to the department. 



74 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



FARM LABOR. 

119. Federal and State cooperation. To meet the very 
pressing demand for farm labor the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture and the United States Department of 
Labor, the latter using the United States employment service, 
are working through Federal, State, and city cooperative 
systems, State commissioners of labor and agriculture, State 
committees on food production and conservation, State agri- 
cultural colleges, county agents, county organizations, and 
local community committees, with the object of supplying 
as far as possible a farm hand for every vacancy, either 
during the growing season or at harvest time. 

The Department of Agriculture represents the Federal 
authorities in determining farm-labor needs and in assisting 
in organizing all available farm labor in the rural districts. 
A State farm-help specialist representing the department is 
engaged in this work in nearly every State. 

The Department of Labor devotes its attention to organiz- 
ing labor in urban communities and industrial regions, and 
when necessary cooperates in obtaining extra labor from the 
populous centers. 

The plan provides for strictly local handling of labor 
problems that can be adjusted locally. Farm laborers are 
sent from outside into a county only to fill actually vacant 
places. The farmer in need of help is expected to notify the 
local committee in his community or the county agent, telling- 
how many men he needs and when he must have them, or 
he may get in touch with the State agricultural college or 
the State farm-help specialist representing the United States 
Department of Agriculture. All local men without work 
are referred to the farmers, who make their vacancies known 
to the Government. Demands that can not be supplied from 
rural and village communities are referred to the United 
States Department of Labor. It is necessary that every 
farmer needing help shall make his wants known. 

The Boys' Working Reserve provides a material addition 
to the supply of labor available for farm use. For an 
account of this reserve, see paragraph 121. 

120. State labor exchanges. Many States have organized 
their labor forces so as to provide a source from which agri- 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



75 



culture and industry may draw a supply at times when work- 
men are particularly needed. One State has about 250 free 
employment offices. Another has been divided into employ- 
ment districts and a free employment office has been estab- 
lished in each, the work being carried on under the direction 
of the labor division of the State Council of National Defense. 
A large number of county agricultural agents are cooperating, 
and these are also under the general supervision of the coun- 
cil. In order to supply the needs of the farmers as quickly as 
possible several thousand copies of the State employment 
prospectus and application blanks were distributed in the 
rural districts. All the larger employers have been card cata- 
logued and the information thus obtained will aid in pooling 
labor so that it may be made available at short notice. Not 
only will this aid the employers, but it will materially lessen 
the time lost by workers in finding new positions and will 
thus avoid unemployment. 

A public employment bureau has been organized in another 
State, and within a week positions for 500 men were found 
in a single city. The work has been so satisfactory in every 
way that it is planned to continue it on a larger scale. Many 
civic and commercial organizations have offered their aid in 
assisting this bureau. 

Unofficial organizations are also working to solve the prob- 
lems of bringing employees and employers together. Such an 
organization as the Intercollegiate Intelligence Bureau, inter- 
ested primarily in the service of college men, may be men- 
tioned in this connection. (See paragraph 70 and also the 
U. S. Public Service Reserve, paragraph 103). 

121. The Boys'' Working Reserve. In order to place boys 
on farms or in industries where they may be of particular 
service during their summer vacations, many organizations 
have already gathered information to aid boys seeking em- 
ployment of this type. The Boys' Working Reserve, with 
headquarters in the United States Department of Labor, 
Washington, D. C, was planned to fill this need. Mr. W. E. 
Hall is the director and the work is carried on through a 
committee composed of the heads of the State defense coun- 
cils and the heads of representative boys' organizations. The 
object of the boys' reserve is to enlist boys within the ages 
of 16 and 21 for work upon farms, in shipyards^ and in other 



76 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



national enterprises. The work of organization has al- 
ready been accomplished in many States, and boys in con- 
siderable numbers have been placed in camps to receive 
intensive farm training, as well as on some of the farms 
on which they are to work. Other organizations, such as 
the Y. M. C. A. and Boy Scouts and many church clubs 
and local patriotic organizations, have lent immediate and 
capable support to this important enterprise. A list of State 
directors chosen to date will be found in the appendix, 
pages 203 to 226. Boys desiring to enter this work should 
make application to these men. 

LOANS TO FARMERS. 

122. In addition to placing an adequate labor supply at the 
farmer's disposal, it is necessary that he be provided with 
the capital which he requires. 

Under the Federal farm-loan act, approved July 17, 1916, 
12 Government controlled and cooperatively owned Federal 
land banks have been established in the United States to 
lend money to farmers or prospective farmers at 5 per cent 
interest for land purchase and farm development. To secure 
these loans first mortgages are taken on land, these mortgages 
running from 5 to 40 years, at the option of the borrower. 
They are retired on the amortization, or partial payment, 
plan. 

The 12 Federal land hanks are under the supervision of 
the Federal Farm Loan Board, a bureau of the Treasury 
Department. The board is composed of the Secretary of 
the Treasury as chairman ex officio; George W. Norris, 
farm-loan commissioner; Herbert Quick; W. S. A. Smith; 
and Charles E. Lobdell. 

Any person desiring to avail himself of the services of 
this system should communicate with the Federal Land 
Bank serving the district in which he resides. The banks 
and the States served by each are shown as follows : 

Springfield, Mass., serving Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey. 

Baltimore Md., serving Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, and District of Columbia. 

Columbia, S. C, serving North Carolina, $outh Carolina, Georgia, 
and Florida. 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



77 



Louisville, Ky., serving Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. 
New Orleans, La., serving Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. 
St. Louis, Mo., serving Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. 
St. Paul, Minn., serving North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and 
Michigan. 

Omaha, Nebr., serving South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, and 
Iowa. 

Wichita, Kans., serving Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, and Okla- 
homa. 

Houston, Tex., serving Texas. 

Berkeley, Cal., serving California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. 
Spokane, Wash., serving Washington, Montana, Oregon, and Idaho. 

The Federal Farm Loan Board has issued several bulletins 
explaining the details of the system, and these bulletins will 
be sent free to any inquirer who will write to the Federal 
Farm Loan Board, Washington, D. C, or to the bank of his 
district. (See Map, page 253.) 

ASSISTANCE TN MARKETING. 

123. In the wide field of distribution and preparations 
for distribution — the handling, packing, transporting, stor- 
ing, and merchandising of agricultural products after they 
have been produced — the Bureau of Markets of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture is seeking in every way possible to help 
the producer as well as the consumer. In the four years 
during which the work has been in progress much has been 
done in surveying and analyzing the complex factors which 
enter into the marketing of agricultural products; in giving 
the farmer and consumer a clearer insight into marketing 
operations; in giving advice and demonstrating methods; 
and in making public a body of knowledge in regard to the 
volume of products handled and stored, the amounts of prod- 
ucts produced in certain sections, and the demand existing 
in various market centers — knowledge on which producers 
and consumers have found it possible to act to their ad- 
vantage. 

With funds made available in the food-production bill 
just enacted by Congress the bureau will extend these ac- 
tivities and will take up additional lines of work of special 
value in the present emergency. In the effort, for example, 
to save the large quantity of perishable fruits and vege- 
tables which annually spoil because of improper handling 
the bureau will extend its present demonstrations and inves- 
\ 



78 Agriculture and the Food Supply. 

tigations in the proper handling of perishables. This work 
will be carried on with as many producers, shippers, car- 
riers, and warehousemen as can be reached. Producers 
will be advised as to improved methods of picking, sorting, 
handling, and packing their perishable products and will 
be shown how to construct or alter storage houses for a 
maximum efficiency. Shippers will be assisted in perfect- 
ing methods of inspection and will be advised in regard to 
the most advantageous loading and shipping arrangements. 
The bureau will seek to reduce the losses of perishables still 
further by demonstrating to carriers and urging upon them 
the use of improved refrigerator cars which give greater 
refrigerating efficiency while they are economical in ice con- 
sumption and permit heavier loading. 

To better the general marketing conditions of the country 
by making public accurate information in regard to the 
supply of and demand for various agricultural products, the 
bureau will materially extend its market-news service under 
the food-production bill. This service consists in the mak- 
ing public of facts in regard to the production of various 
agricultural products, car-lot shipments and their destina- 
tions, and receipts, prices, normal consuming power, de- 
mand, and other conditions in a number of large market 
centers. The bureau last year covered by its news service a 
number of the most important fruits and vegetables, some 
throughout the country for the entire season and others in 
relatively restricted regions or for only a portion of the sea- 
son. The service also covered live stock and meats through- 
out the country, in so far as shipments in car lots to central 
markets were concerned, and a number of large consuming 
markets in the East. Under the extended news service prac- 
tically all important fruit and vegetable products will be 
covered throughout the country and during the entire sea- 
son, and reports on receipts of meats will be received from a 
number of additional consuming markets. The service also 
will be broadened to include butter, cheese, eggs and poultry, 
and grain, hay, and seeds. 

In addition to its work through the market news service, 
for more efficient distribution, the bureaiz will seek to assist 
in solving the more local problems of certain large cities due 
to the increased production in their neighborhoods of truck 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



79 



farms and home gardens. To carry on this work it is hoped 
to station agents in a score or more of cities where marketing 
problems are more acute and to endeavor to bring about the 
marketing of the crops with minimum waste and losses. If 
practicable, these agents will each day publish information 
showing the amounts of different products on the market 
and the amounts likely to be received in the immediate 
future. The bureau also will seek to stimulate direct market- 
ing by placing in certain cities agents who will advise on the 
most advantageous and economical methods of parcel-post 
and express marketing. 

The Bureau of Markets now furnishes data of great eco- 
nomic value in stabilizing market conditions through its re- 
ports on cold-storage holdings of food products. In the last 
f ew years this service has been built up gradually by obtain- 
ing volunteer reports from an increased proportion of stor- 
ages until now practically every storage company in the coun- 
try is cooperating in making known the exact state of our 
food supplies held under refrigeration. 

In order that the public may know how much food is avail- 
able in the country from all sources the Bureau of Crop Esti- 
mates, the Bureau of Chemistry, and other branches of the 
department, with funds provided expressly for that purpose 
by Congress, expect to begin immediately a country- wide 
survey of food resources. The aim of this survey will be to 
disclose the quantities of various foodstuffs on farms, in 
factory and storage houses of all kinds, in stores and shops, 
and in the homes of consumers. Actual inventories will be 
made of holdings by large concerns, and surveys will be made 
of supplies on farms, in homes, and in the hands of small re- 
tail dealers. Estimates also will be made of average family 
consumption. As a basis for these estimates careful studies 
will be made of the holdings and consumption of representa- 
tive families in certain sections. Such families may facili- 
tate the work of the survey greatly by furnishing informa- 
tion in their possession and by helping the field agents to 
gather such information as involves the taking of inventories. 

The Bureau oi Markets has issued a number of bulletins 
presenting the results of its studies on the marketing of farm 
products, which should be helpful in solving some of the 
problems of producers. These publications may be had by 



80 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



application to the Department of Agriculture, Washington, 
D. C. Where publications do not apply, the bureau, on 
presentation of problems by letter, also often may be able to 
offer helpful advice. 

EXPORTS. 

124. The President has made the following statement with 
regard to the policy of export control, power over which was 
vested in him by an act of June 15, 1917 : 

It is important that the country should understand just what is 
intended in the control of exports which is about to be undertaken, 
and since the power is vested by the Congress in the President, I can 
speak with authority concerning it. The Exports Council will be 
merely advisory to the President. 

There will, of course, be no prohibition of exports. The normal 
course of trade will be interfered with as little as possible, and, so 
far as possible, only its abnormal course directed. The whole object 
will be to direct exports in such a way that they will go first and by 
preference where they are most needed and most immediately needed, 
and temporarily to withhold them, if necessary, where they can best 
be spared. 

Our primary duty in the matter of foodstuffs and like necessaries 
is to see to it that the peoples associated with us in the war get as 
generous a proportion as possible of our surplus; but it will also be 
our wish and purpose to supply the neutral nations whose peoples 
depend upon us for such supplies as nearly in proportion to their need 
as the amount to be divided permits. 

There will thus be little check put upon the volume of exports, and 
the prices obtained for them will not be affected by this regulation. 

This policy will be carried out, not by prohibitive regulations, there- 
fore, but by a system of licensing exports which will be as simply 
organized and administered as possible, so as to constitute no impedi- 
ment to the normal flow of commerce. In brief, the free play of trade 
will not be arbitrarily interfered with; it will only be intelligently 
and systematically directed in the light of full information with re- 
gard to needs and market conditions throughout the world and the 
necessities of our people at home and our armies and the armies of 
our associates abroad. 

The Government is taking, or has taken, steps to ascertain, for 
example, just what the available present supply of wheat and corn 
is remaining from the crops of last year ; to learn from each of the 
countries exporting these foodstuffs from the United States what 
their purchases in this country now are, where they are stored, and 
what their needs are, in order that we may adjust things so far as 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



81 



possible to our own needs and free stocks ; and this information is in 
course of being rapidly supplied. 

The case of wheat and corn will serve as an illustration of all the 
rest of supplies of all kinds. Our trade can be successfully and profit- 
ably conducted now, the war pushed to a victorious issue, and the 
needs of our own people and of the other people with whom we are 
still free to trade efficiently met only by systematic direction ; and 
that is what will be attempted. 

Now, therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States 
of America, do hereby proclaim to all whom it may concern that, 
except at such time or times and under such regulations and- orders 
and subject to such limitations and exceptions as the President shall 
prescribe, until otherwise ordered by the President or by Congress, 
the following articles, namely, coal, coke, fuel oils, kerosene and gaso- 
line, including bunkers ; food grains, flour and meal therefrom, 
fodder and feeds, meat and fats ; pig iron, steel billets, ship plates and 
structural shapes, scrap iron and scrap steel ; f erromanganese ; fer- 
tilizers ; arms, ammunition, and explosives shall not, on and after the 
15th day of July, 1917, be carried out of or exported from the United 
States or its territorial possessions to Abyssinia, Afghanistan, Alba- 
nia, Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, her colonies, possessions, 
or protectorates; Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Chile, Colombia, 
Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, her colonies, possessions, or protectorates ; 
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, France, her colonies, posses- 
sions, or protectorates; Germany, her colonies, possessions, or pro- 
tectorates ; Great Britain, her colonies, possessions, or protectorates ; 
Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, her colonies, possessions, 
or protectorates; Japan, Liberia, Leichtenstein, Luxemburg, Mexico, 
Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, the Netherlands, her 
colonies, possessions, or protectorates ; Norway, Oman, Panama, Para- 
guay, Persia, Peru, Portugal, her colonies, possessions, or protecto- 
rates; Roumania, Russia, Salvador, San Marino, Serbia, Siain, Spain, 
her colonies, possessions, or protectorates ; Sweden, Switzerland, 
Uruguay, Venezuela, or Turkey. 

The orders and regulations from time to time prescribed will be 
administered . by and under the authority of the Secretary of Com- 
merce, from whom licenses, in conformity with the said orders and 
regulations, will issue. 

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the 
seal of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington this 9th day of July, in the year of 
our Lord 1917, and of the independence of the United States of 
America the one hundred and forty-first. 

[seal.] Woodrow Wilson. 

By the President: 
Frank L. Polk. 




82 



Agriculture and the Food Supply, 



President Wilson's statement, issued with the embargo 
proclamation, gives the reason for the control of exports : 

In controlling by license the export of certain indispensable com- 
modities from the United States, the Government has first and chiefly 
in view the amelioration of the food conditions which have arisen or 
are likely to arise in our own country before new crops are harvested. 
Not only is the conservation of our prime food and fodder supplies 
a matter which vitally concerns our own people, but the retention of 
an adequate supply of raw materials is essential to our program of 
military and naval construction and the continuance of our necessary 
domestic activities. We shall, therefore, similarly safeguard all our 
fundamental supplies. 

It is obviously the duty of the United States in liberating any 
surplus products over and above our own domestic needs to consider 
first the necessities of all the nations engaged in war against the 
Central Empires. As to neutral nations, however, we also recognize 
our duty. The Government does not wish to hamper them. On the 
contrary, it wishes and intends, by all fair and equitable means, to 
cooperate with them in their difficult task of adding from our avail- 
able surpluses to their own domestic supply and of meeting their 
pressing necessities or deficits. In considering the deficits of food 
supplies, the Government means only to fulfill its obvious obligation 
to assure itself that neutrals are husbanding their own resources 
and that our supplies will not become available, either directly or in- 
directly, to feed the enemy. 

For the information of shippers the exports council has 
authorized the publication of a list comprising the articles 
which have already been determined to be included under 
the general headings mentioned in the President's procla- 
mation of July 9. This list supersedes an unauthorized and 
incorrect statement hitherto published. Additions may be 
made to this list, if it is determined that other articles are 
properly included in the general headings given in the 
President's proclamation. Official notice will be given of 
such changes when they occur. 

Export license is required at present for any article on the 
following list : 

Coal, coke, fuel oils, lubricating oil, benzol, head-lantern oil, toluol, 
naphtha, benzene, red oil, kerosene, and gasoline, including bunkers. 

Food grains, flour and meal therefrom, corn flour, barley, rice 
flour, rice, oatmeal and rolled oats, fodder and feeds, oil cakes and 
oil-cake meal, malt, peanuts. 

Meats and fats, poultry, cottonseed oil, co^n oil, copra, coconuts 
(desiccated), butter, fish (dried, canned, or^'resh). 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 83 



Grease (inedible or edible of animal or vegetable origin), linseed 
oil, lard, meats (all varieties), tinned milk, peanut oil and butter, 
rapeseed oil, tallow, tallow candles, stearic acid. 

Pig iron, steel billets, steel sheet bars, steel blooms, steel slabs, 
ship plates and structural shapes, iron plates, I beams, mild-steel 
plates, rolled steel plates, steel channels, steel angles, mild-steel plates 
(ordinary tank quality), steel beams, steel plates one-eighth of an 
inch thick or heavier (steel sheets one-eighth inch thick or heavier 
are classed as steel plates), steel tees and zees, structural steel 
shapes, boiler plates, tank plates, steel doors, steel car frames, steel 
towers, scrap iron and scrap steel, ferromanganese. 

Fertilizers, cattle manure (shredded), nitrate of soda, poudrette, 
potato manure, potassium salts, land plaster, potash, cyanamide, 
phosphoric acid, phosphate rock, superphosphate, chlorate potash, 
bone meal, bone flour, ground bone, dried blood, ammonia and am- 
monia salts, acid phosphate, guano, humus, hardwood ashes, soot, 
sheep manure (pulverized), anhydrous ammonia. 

Arms, ammunition, and explosives, nitrate of potash, rosin, sulphur, 
saltpeter, turpentine. 



125. General statement. The food problem concerns not 
merely the producer but has reference to the consumer and 
to food conservation in general. Economy and thrift are 
the watchwords in this instance, and obviously the women 
must play a very important part in solving the food 
problem. 

A nation-wide food inventory is proposed to be made by 
the Bureaus of Markets, Crop Estimates, and Chemistry, and 
the States Relations Service, United States Department of 
Agriculture. Its purpose is to find as accurately as possible 
the condition of the country's food stores and the normal 
consumption, in order that such action as may be neces- 
sary to insure a sufficient supply may be taken intelligently. 
An inventory is to be made of stocks in wholesale, jobbing, 
storing, and other commercial establishments, including 
large retail houses; and an estimate is to be made of raw 
products on the farms and of stocks of food in smaller 
retail stores and in the hands of consumers. Plans are being 
made for detailed dietary studies of one thousand or more 
families, and for a study of the current consumption of the 
country based upcyn investigations of more than 10,000 
families. 



FOOD CONSERVATION. 




84 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



126. The President, on May 19, issued a statement in which 
he indicated his intention of creating the position of com- 
missioner of food administration and named Herbert C. 
Hoover for the position. Mr. Hoover cooperates with the 
Department of Agriculture. The President's statement con- 
tains the following paragraph: 

It is proposed to draw a sharp line of distinction between the nor- 
mal activities of the Government represented in the Department of 
Agriculture in reference to food production, conservation, and mar- 
keting on the one hand and the emergency activities necessitated by 
the war in reference to the regulation of food distribution and con- 
sumption on the other. 

All measures intended directly to extend the normal activities of 
the Department of Agriculture in reference to the production, con- 
servation, and the marketing of farm crops will be administered as 
in normal times through that department, and the powers asked for 
over distribution and consumption, over exports, imports, prices, 
purchase, and requisition of commodities, storing, and the like which 
may require regulation during the war will be placed in the hands 
of a commissioner of food administration appointed by the President 
and directly responsible to him. 

127. Mr. Hoover, as national food administrator, has ap- 
pealed in the interests of food conservation to the women of 
the country, saying that this is the idea of the food adminis- 
tration — 

WIN THE WAR BY GIVING TOUR OWN DAILY SERVICE. 

" Save the wheat : One wheatless meal a day. Use corn, 
oatmeal, rye, or barley bread, and non- wheat breakfast foods. 
Order bread 24 hours in advance so your baker will not bake 
beyond his needs. Cut the loaf on the table and only as re- 
quired. Use stale bread for cooking, toast, etc. Eat less 
cake and pastry. 

Our wheat harvest is far below normal. If each person 
weekly saves 1 pound of wheat flour that means 150,000,000 
more bushels of wheat for the allies to mix in their bread. 
This will help them to save democracy. 

Save the meat : Beef, mutton, or pork not more than once 
daily. Use freely vegetables and fish. At the meat meal 
serve smaller portions, and stews instead of steaks. Make 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 85 



made dishes of all left overs. Do this and there will be 
meat enough for everyone at a reasonable price. 

We are to-day killing the dairy cows and female calves 
as the result of high prices. Therefore eat less and eat no 
young meat. If we save an ounce of meat each day per 
person we will have additional supply equal to 2,200,000 
cattle. 

Save the milk : The children must have milk. Use every 
drop. Use butter milk and sour milk for cooking and mak- 
ing cottage cheese. Use less cream. 

Save the fats: We are the world's greatest fat wasters. 
Fat is food. Butter is essential for the growth and health 
of children. Use butter on the table as usual, but not in 
cooking. Other fats are as good. Reduce use of fried foods. 
Soap contains fats. Do not waste it. Make your own wash- 
ing soap at home out of the saved fats. 

Use one-third ounce less per day of animal fat and 375,000 
tons will be saved yearly. 

Save the sugar: Sugar is scarcer. We use to-day three 
times as much per person as the allies. So there may be 
enough for all at reasonable price. Use less candy and sweet 
drinks. Do not stint sugar in putting up fruit and jams. 
They will save butter. 

If everyone in America saves one ounce of sugar daily, it 
means 1,100,000 tons for the year. 

Save the fuel : Coal comes from a distance and our railways 
are overburdened hauling war material. Help relieve them 
by burning fewer fires. Use wood when you can get it. 

Use the perishable foods: Fruits and vegetables we have 
in abundance. As a nation we eat too little green stuffs. 
Double their use and improve your health. Store potatoes 
and other roots properly and they will keep. Begin now to 
can or dry all surplus garden products. 

Use local supplies: Patronize your local producer. Dis- 
tance means money. Buy perishable food from the neigh- 
borhood nearest you and thus save transportation." 

There were by July 30, 2,000,000 pledges signed. 

128. Women's clubs, etc. Women's clubs, settlement work- 
ers, church societies, and associations of every kind should 

106006°— 17 7 



86 



Agriculture and the Food Supply. 



make it their business to stimulate efficient methods of the 
use and preservation of food. Canning, drying, preserving 
with sugar and salt, and the putting down of eggs and of 
meats by farmers should all be encouraged. And it is most 
important to remember that unless this work is well done 
it is time, money, and food wasted. Before you get to work, 
learn how. In every community there should be centers for 
instruction in food conservation. If information can not 
be obtained at home, write to The Food Administrator, 
Washington, D. C. 



THE CIVIL SERVICE. 

129. General statement. The United States Civil Service 
Commission is an official organization, designed to fill va- 
cancies in governmental offices by a process of competitive 
examinations and selection on the basis of merit. The Civil 
Service Commission is an employment agency on a large 
scale, but it goes beyond the functions of the ordinary em- 
ployment agency in that it tests the fitness of every person 
it certifies as eligible. Equipped as it is with quite 3,000 
representative agencies — that is, local boards of examiners — 
situated in every part of the country, it is eminently quali- 
fied to perform the important service of bringing the man 
and the job together, so far as the needs of the Government 
are concerned. 

130. Mobilization of laborers. In addition to supplying 
immediate needs, the commission, through its 3,000 local rep- 
resentatives, has canvassed the country and enrolled for fu- 
ture use about 35,000 mechanics of all kinds who have ex- 
pressed their willingness to accept employment in a navy 
yard or arsenal if called upon. Other " mobilization " efforts 
of the commission consist of lists of the names, addresses, 
and specialties of the members of this spring's graduating 
classes of the colleges and universities ; the name, character, 
and number of employees of every manufacturing plant in 
cities having a post office of the first or second class (about 
3,000 cities in all) ; and the name, address, and specialty of 
practically every economic expert in the United States. 
These lists will be used as occasion arises in making direct 
and personal announcement of the Government's require- 
ments in civil branches. 

131. Adjustment to war conditions. The unusual burden 
which the war has imposed upon the Civil Service Commis- 
sion is easily realized when we consider the tremendous num- 
ber of offices created by our present situation. Manual 
laborers, workers in industry, technical, skilled, and even 
unskilled workmen of every sort are required by the Gov- 
ernment in connection with the huge undertakings which 

87 



88 



The Civil Service. 



the war has made necessary. There was a tendency to abro- 
gate civil service rules and open positions to noncompetitive 
appointment. Fortunately, this tendency was checked, and 
the carefully established system of past years will not give 
way under the difficulties of war. 

132. Examinations and applications. Examinations are 
being given constantly at all the civil service offices in the 
greatest variety of subjects. If a man believes himself capa- 
ble of giving genuine service to the Government he should 
inquire of the United States Civil Service Commission, at 
Washington, D. C, or of one of its 12 district secretaries 
(for list see Appendix, State Eegisters), or of the depart- 
ment concerned, in Washington; or of the United States 
Public Service Eeserve (see paragraph 103) ; or of the Inter- 
collegiate Intelligence Bureau (see paragraph 70). 

Persons who wish to take an examination should observe 
the following directions: In writing for application forms 
or for information the name of the examination desired 
should always be stated. The application form when re- 
ceived should be carefully filled out in accordance with the 
instructions printed thereon and mailed without delay to. the 
United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C, 
or to the proper district secretary. (See Appendix, State 
Registers.) If the application is received by the district 
secretary in time for him to arrange for the examination, 
and the applicant is found to be entitled to the examination 
requested, a card will be sent to him in ample time to admit 
him to the examination if a mental test is required. 

A large number of communications are received in which 
the writers fail to give their full post-office addresses, and in 
many cases the letters are not signed. Applicants should see 
that their names are plainly and correctly written and their 
post-office addresses (city, street, and number) given in full. 
A number of applicants fail to reach the Commission or dis- 
trict secretary on account of not having sufficient postage at- 
tached. Usually at least 4 cents is required. It is not neces- 
sary to inclose postage stamps in order to secure a reply from 
the district secretary. 

The commission is authorized to exclude from any ex- 
amination aliens and those who do not show the necessary 
physical and moral qualities. 



The Civil Service, 



89 



133. Available positions. It is impossible to give even a 
partially complete list of the many positions open to compe- 
tition. The usual peace-time positions, as well as the needs 
of war service, must be supplied, and new examinations are 
being announced every day. A very short selection from 
the announcements of examinations pending July 1 gives a 
good idea of the variety of positions offered in the civil 
service: Stenographer and typewriter; typewriter, every 
Tuesday, $900-$l,200; assistant superintendent artillery 
ammunition, $2,500-$3,000 ; assistant superintendent brass 
cartridge cases, $2,500; assistant superintendent small-arms 
ammunition, $2,500-$3,000 ; draftsman, Watertown Arsenal, 
$2,200; mechanical engineer, Frankford Arsenal, $2,200- 
$3,600; superintendent of equipment, $2,400-$2,800 ; super- 
intendents of inspection, $2,500-$4,000 ; superintendent of 
small-arms ammunition, $5,000-$6,000 ; sub-inspector of ord- 
nance, Navy Department, $4.48 per diem ; apprentice drafts- 
man, Ordnance Bureau, War Department, $480 per annum ; 
assistant inspector of hull (wood) construction, ;p4r-$6 per 
diem : chemist, Watertown Arsenal, $1,400 per annum ; chief 
inspector of fuses, $3,000; expert radio aid, navy yard, $6 
per diem; nautical expert, Hydrographic Office, $1,000- 
$1,800; special mechanic qualified in submarine construc- 
tion, $5.04 per diem; topographic and subsurface draftsman, 
navy yards, $4.48-$5.04 per diem; superintendent manufac- 
ture of field and seacoast cannon, $4,000-$5,000. 

134. Location, rank, and salary all vary — the latter rang- 
ing anywhere from $900 or $1,000 to $5,000 or more per 
annum. Appointments to positions directly created by the 
war are, in general, not permanent. On the other hand, 
they are more than temporary, as it is expected that, 
where an indefinite term is specified, the employment will 
continue at least six months after the termination of the 
war. Besides this, where a man shows himself exception- 
ally capable, he will have a good chance of being retained 
or transferred. 

135. Skilled labor and trained experts. The war has 
caused an unprecedentedly large demand for skilled labor 
of many sorts, besides the need for individual experts, as 
indicated, above. Industrial mechanics and ship drafts- 
men will be needed in large numbers in connection with the 



90 



The Civil Service. 



shipbuilding program. The Treasury Department will need 
a large number of more or less trained employees in connec- 
tion with the collection of the new taxes. There is an un- 
satisfied demand for typists and stenographers and drafts- 
men. 

In filling all these positions, the merit system will be ad- 
hered to. Naturally it may be advisable, in certain cases, to 
give preference to women and to men not eligible for mili- 
tary service. Again, it may prove best to accept the large 
number of volunteers before taking those who will be paid. 
In addition, the authorities will avoid taking men already 
in useful and essential trades, and thus avoid crippling in- 
dustry. All details, however, are comparatively unimpor- 
tant ; one thing alone is certain — the Government will do its 
best to get capable men and women in its civil service, just 
as in its military forces. 



MEDICAL AND NURSING SEEVICE. 



MEDICAL SERVICE. 

136. General statement. The Medical Departments of the 
Army and Navy are confronted with varied and difficult 
tasks of critical importance in caring for the health of 
our soldiers and sailors in training and active service, and 
in aiding our allies in medical work. From 665 medical 
officers in the Regular Army and 508 in the Navy when 
war was declared the personnel must be recruited up to at 
least 21,000 in the Army and 2,000 in the Navy. And this 
must be done without rendering ineffectual the work of our 
hospitals, medical schools, and general medical service at 
home. Not only must men be found, but material must also 
be provided (see paragraph 85), and special problems of 
disease prevention and the training and return to civil life 
of those injured in the war must be met. 

137. General medical hoard. In the solution of these 
problems the chief medical officers of the Army, Navy, 
Public Health Service, and the Red Cross are assisted 
by the committee on medicine and surgery of the advi- 
sory commission of the Council of National Defense. This 
committee includes the general medical board, of which Dr. 
Franklin Martin is chairman, and a committee on standard- 
ization of medical and surgical supplies and equipment, of 
which Major F. F. Simpson is chairman. It is also repre- 
sented on the general munitions board of the council. An 
insight into the close cooperation existing between all the 
official and civilian medical forces, and the recognition that 
the country's experts in every branch of medical science are 
being called into council begets confidence in the Nation's 
ability to win, as completely as human beings can, the fight 
against disease and injury. (See Council of National De- 
fense, Appendix, page 199.) 

REGULAR ARMY AND NAVY. 

138. Requirements. Physicians, graduates of a reputable 
medical school, between the ages of 21 and 32 (in the Army 

91 



92 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



the age limit is 34 until Jan. 1, 1918), may apply for exami- 
nation for a provisional commission in the Medical Corps 
of the United States Navy. If this and a physical examina- 
tion are successfully passed, a four months' course at the 
Naval Medical School, Washington, D. C., is required, and 
if successfully completed the applicant may be commissioned 
in the Medical Corps. The same provision is made for Army 
service, save that the course in the Army Medical School 
is normally of eight months' duration. This course may be 
shortened to three or four months for the period of the 
emergency. Detailed regulations are given in Navy N., Nov., 
364, 1917, Army, Form 132, revised Aug. IT, 1916. About 
1,500 men are needed for the Regular Army Medical Corps 
while at the present time only a few are needed for the 
Regular Navy service. Applications for examination 
should be made to The Surgeon General, United States 
Army, or The 'Surgeon General, United States Navy, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

1.39. Licentiates of the national examining hoard who de- 
sire to enter the regular service of the Army or Navy may 
submit an application in proper form, and the Army and 
Navy examining board at its discretion may accept the 
papers submitted to the national examining board, provided 
the candidates conform to the other regulations of service. 

140. The record of the medical service of the Army is a 
brilliant one. Through the investigations of its members, 
yellow fever was conquered, typhoid driven from our own 
and European armies, beriberi brought under partial con- 
trol in the Philippines, and hookworm in Porto Rico and 
pellagra in the South. Experts in medical administration 
have stated that the work of the medical service of the Navy, 
if less spectacular, is not less sound, and that the plans for 
the expansion of the Naval Medical Service represent a com- 
plete grasp of the needs of the emergency and an ability 
amply sufficient to meet them. 

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. 

141. In this time of need the facilities of the Public 
Health Service, which is a bureau of the Treasury Depart- 



Medical and Nursing Service* 



93 



ment, have been put at the disposal of the military forces. 
Their hospitals may be used by the Army and Navy, and 
their officers and employees may be detailed for service with 
the Army or Navy. 

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY OFFICERS' RESERVE CORPS. 

142. Numbers needed. At the lowest estimate 21,000 men, 
fully equipped for medical service, are needed for the Medi- 
cal Reserve Corps. Most of these men must be volunteers, 
for the number of men who have completed their training 
before the age of 31 is negligible. The call comes, " Physi- 
cians 31 to 45, come across." On July 25 there were about 
5,000 accepted on the Medical Reserve lists, and a total of 
11,000 had been recommended for commissions. 

143, Mortality. Reports have been circulated that 60,000 
of the allies' physicians have already been killed in the war. 
This is impossible, for there are not 45,000 registered physi- 
cians in all Great Britain and France. The statement is ab- 
surd and without foundation. In the three months' battle 
of the Somme only 50 physicians were reported killed. 

Col. T. H. Goodwin, of the British Medical Corps, who 
has been detailed in a consulting capacity to the office of the 
Surgeon General of the United States Army, has authori- 
tatively contradicted rumors that have been current regard- 
ing the casualties among medical officers in France and Bel- 
gium. Having cabled to England for the exact information 
on this point, the following official reply was received by 
him: 

Total casualties among medical officers on the western front from 
the beginning of the war to June 25, 1917, are as follows : 

Killed 195 

Wounded 707 

Total battle casualties 902 

In addition 62 medical officers have died from sickness. 
"All statements to the contrary," says Col. Goodwin, £< are 
false, arising from mistake, natural exaggeration, or from 
a deliberate and malicious attempt to discourage doctors 
from entering the medical service of the Army." 



94 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



144. Need for full quota. In the United States there are 
90,000 physicians and surgeons of military age, 22 to 55 
3^ears. Seven medical men for each thousand enlisted men, 
will be at least 21,000 for the first 3,000,000 men. This is a 
heavy load, but the medical service makes no greater demand 
than any other ; it asks every man to do his duty, and do it 
voluntarily. It should be borne in mind that the considera- 
tion given to special training will vary with the number of 
physicians enrolled in the Medical Eeserve Corps. If The 
Surgeon General has large numbers of men at his diposal, 
he can then assign men for duty as their training indicates. 
If he is hard pressed for men, then all the physicians in the 
force will be called on for general work. If the medical 
work is to reach its highest efficiency, the force, therefore, 
must be recruited up to not less than 21,000. - Physicians by 
not enrolling prevent the soldiers from receiving expert 
treatment and rob the members of their own profession of 
the opportunity to make use of their long-trained talents. 

145. Volunteer system. At present there is no possible 
way of filling the quota save through the volunteer system. 
If the war is soon to be won, our wounded must be cared for, 
healed, and returned; if peace is to come with the least 
possible destruction of human life, our Army hospitals have 
to be manned. And men now well trained must furnish the 
personnel, for physicians can not be made in 3 or 6 or 9 or 
even 12 months. Those now practicing must change their 
offices to the front. 

MEDICAL RESERVE CORPS. 

146. The requisites for appointment are as follows: The 
applicant must be a reputable physician (doctor of medi- 
cine), in good standing in his community, in the active prac- 
tice of his profession, licensed to practice medicine in the 
State in which he resides, between 22 and 55 years of age, a 
citizen of the United States (first papers not sufficient), and 
physically and professionally qualified. Members of the 
National Guard are not eligible. 

14T. The examination proper is physical and professional. 
The physical requirements are stated in G. O. 66, 1910, and 
Circular No. 2, A. G. O., 1916. The visual requirements are 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



95 



that the applicant have not less than 20/100 vision in each 
eye, fully correctible by glasses. If the applicant is found 
physically disqualified, the professional examination need 
not be proceeded with. 

The professional examination is oral, but in case the oral 
examination is not satisfactory to the examiners the appli- 
cant will be given a written examination. In either case the 
examination will be in the following subjects: (a) Practice 
of medicine, including etiology, clinical description, pa- 
thology and the treatment of diseases; (&) surgery, princi- 
ples and practice: (c) obstetrics and gynecology; (d) hy- 
giene, personal and general, especially as to the prophylaxis 
of the more prevalent epidemic diseases. 

Specialists will be examined in their specialty. 

A complete set of papers includes the following : 

(a) Personal history properly filled out and sworn to be- 
fore a notary public. (Form 149.) 

(b) Two testimonials as to citizenship, character, and 
habits. 

(c) Physical examination report. (Form 138.) 

(d) Report of the board as to qualifications of applicant. 
(Form 150.) 

(e) Certificate of license to practice medicine in the State 
in which the applicant resides. 

(/) Documentary evidence of citizenship if of foreign 
birth. 

148. The procedure for those applying for- commissions in 
the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps is as follows: Go to the 
examining board nearest you (see locations by reference to 
State lists, pages 203ff) and take with you documents suffi- 
cient to satisfy the requirements listed above. The board 
will examine you and forward your papers to The Surgeon 
General. If your papers are satisfactory, a commission will 
be issued. A complete statement of the composition and 
regulations of the Officers' Reserve Corps is given in Special 
Regulations 43, March 29, 1917. This may be obtained at 
local Army headquarters or at The Adjutant General's 
Office, Washington, D. C. 

The regulations specified above, while stated in reference 
to the Medical Reserve Corps, apply, with the appropriate 
changes, to the Dental and Veterinary Reserve Corps. The 



96 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



procedure for examination is the same. The dentists will 
need to fill a quota of 2,000. 

149. Preparedness League of American Dentists. Dentists 
continuing at their practice have been organized into, the 
Preparedness League of American Dentists, with a member- 
ship of 20,000. They have offered to repair the teeth of 
prospective recruits free of charge. This is a most, impor- 
tant service, for many applicants are rejected because of 
defective teeth. 

Similar work is being undertaken by physicians, who are 
volunteering to treat men rejected for physical defects which 
will readily yield to treatment. 

150. Men with training in laboratory work which is useful 
for medical practice, but who are not doctors of medicine, 
can not, under the present law, be enrolled by the medical 
forces of the United States Army. Legislation may be al- 
tered in this regard, but in any case a limited number of men 
will be needed for special duty. Application may be made 
to Surg. Gen. Eupert Blue, United States Public Health 
Service, Washington, D. C. ; Mr. John D. Ryan, director 
of military relief, American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. ; 
General Medical Board, Munsey Building, Washington, 
D. C. ; or the Surgeon General of the Army or the Navy. 

151. The women physicians of this country are anxious to 
enter the Army medical service, and with this end in view the 
Medical Women's National Association, 32 North State 
Street, Chicago, 111., has issued a call for 500 volunteers. No 
official ruling has yet been given in this matter, but those who 
are interested should address Dr. Rosalie S. Morton, chair- 
man of the war service committee of the Medical Women's 
National Association, 701 Madison Avenue, New York City. 

The women of Great Britain have maintained successful 
hospitals at the front, and women physicians in France, 
Russia, Serbia, Austria, and Germany have been active in the 
medical war service. 

Whatever decision may be reached regarding the service of 
women physicians with the Army, they can be of very great 
assistance in maternity, infant, and child welfare work at 
home or abroad, and will doubtless be called upon to assist 
medical examining boards acting for those agencies which 
demand the services of women. 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



97 



152. Base hospitals. It has been found useful to organize 
under the Red Cross at hospitals in various parts of the coun- 
try hospital units, in which various medical specialists who 
have worked together in the past are included. These units 
during the period of their organization are under the Red 
Cross, but on being called into service automatically become 
an integral part of the Army, and their connection with the 
Red Cross then ceases. (See paragraphs 170, 162 to 164.) 

These base hospital units have in addition to their medical 
and nursing personnel 153 enlisted personnel, for which they 
need ambulance drivers, cooks, wardmen, quartermasters, 
barbers, and some engineers, all of whom are enrolled for 
enlistment in the Enlisted Reserve Corps. Some of these 
units have already gone over seas, and it is expected that 
other units will follow them before the main body of our 
own troops is sent over. 

153. Ambulance service. America has already aided the 
French in the service of the American ambulance, which has 
been operating hospitals and field ambulances since the be- 
ginning of the war. At the present time a large ambulance 
corps is being organized as a part of the National Army, and 
this corps will go to France for service with the French as 
soon as its personnel is enlisted and trained. They will be • 
under the command of General Pershing when on French soil. 
The organization of this ambulance service is in charge of 
Col. Jefferson H. Kean. The equipment of this ambulance 
corps will consist of 2,000 ambulances, 100 two-ton trucks, 
100 three-fourths- ton trucks, 100 light touring cars, and 100 
motorcycles. The personnel of each section will consist of 

1 sergeant (first class), 1 corporal, 2 orderlies, 2 clerks, 1 
chief mechanic, 2 mechanics, 1 cook, 1 assistant, and 24 motor 
drivers. Five sections will be placed under a captain, and 
20 sections will be commanded by a major. About half the 
number will be recruited from college men. Some of the 
men of this corps have already been placed in training at 
Allen town, Pa. (See paragraph 226.) 

154. Reeducation and rehabilitation. A phase of medical 
work which has received great attention from the allies is that 
having to do with the reeducation and rehabilitation of men 
who may be maimed and crippled in the war. This problem 



98 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



we too must face, . for, whether or not we shall return 
men from the front to America except when permanently 
disabled, we know now that we shall need in this country 
many hospitals to care for those chronically incapaci- 
tated and those whose injury robs them of their for- 
mer usefulness and who must be reeducated as well as 
rehabilitated. Medical care and teaching must combine 
to rebuild some of our returned forces into a useful citi- 
zenship. Dr. Amar, one of the most noted French authori- 
ties, has said, " The time has come for organizing the work 
of the wounded in such a manner that each man may take his 
true place in the social machine and contribute according to 
his ability." At the end of the war we do not want those 
who have fought and have been permanently injured to feel 
that they are merely onlookers in our national life. This 
work of restoration will be considerable. The physicians 
studying the question have found that of the whole number of 
crippled men at least 80 per cent, and probably more, can be 
reeducated or trained to new occupations if their physical 
defects are given immediate treatment after they have left 
the Army hospital and their training is given the proper 
attention. From 70 to 80 per cent of the wounded returned 
to Canada have needed reconstruction work. The allied 
nations have been giving much attention during the latter 
period of the war to find proper occupations for the blinded 
and those who have lost an arm or a leg. Furthermore, much 
study has been given to the rehabilitation of men whose 
nerves have been shattered and who have become disheart- 
ened from the result of wounds from which they have re- 
covered. 

Some of the specific needs in connection with this work 
will be the early training of medical officers in reeducation 
work, the arrangement for the treatment of the wounded as 
early as possible by specialists, the establishment of recon- 
struction hospitals in this country, as far as possible adapt- 
ing the existing institutions to the work, and the arrangement 
for occupational analysis of the wounded. It is interesting 
in this connection to note that three reconstruction hospitals 
in this country have already been authorized by the Gov- 
ernment. Those who have country places suitable for re- 
construction hospitals or convalescent camps are invited 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



99 



to communicate with The Surgeon General of the Army or 
with the director of military relief, American Red Cross, 
Washington, D. C, or with the General Medical Board, 
Council of National Defense, Munsey Building, Washington, 
D. C. 

155. Home 'medical service. In our anxiety to furnish 
adequate medical attention to our fighting forces we must 
not forget that we shall not be free from the cares of our 
home population. Physicians who are acting on the public 
health service should seriously consider whether entering 
Federal service will endanger the welfare of their own com- 
munities. We shall need to strengthen our lines of health 
defense at home or we shall be in no position to meet emer- 
gencies. This should be noted especially by those physi- 
cians on health boards at or near the great Army and Navy 
training sites. These localities must maintain the highest 
sanitary standards and the problem will be critically im- 
portant and difficult. So important is this consideration 
that there are those who advocate obtaining the medical men 
needed by our troops through the processes of selective con- 
scription. 

It is important that maternal, infant, and child welfare 
should not be neglected in the present emergency, and physi- 
cians whose practice has been largely along these lines should 
probably continue in civilian service either at home or 
abroad. 

156. Nursing needs. The nursing service in our own 
country will be severely taxed by reason of the calls made 
upon it for nurses to go to the front, Those who are fitted 
by physique, temperament, and education for nursing work 
should very seriously consider the advisability of going into 
training schools for nurses connected with our great hospi- 
tals and other institutions. We shall need nurses of thorough 
training now more than ever before, and mere first-aid or 
nurses-aid training Avill not fit women for difficult and 
responsible nursing positions. 

157. Medical students. From the time war was declared, 
those in positions of authority have urged men at present 
enrolled in medical schools to continue their work of prepa- 
ration. This must be emphasized again. The teaching per- 
sonnel of our medical and student body must be kept at their 



100 Medical and Nursing Service. 



present work, for upon them depends the welfare of our 
army and the community in the years to come. It is a serious 
question whether medical schools should not continue in ses- 
sion throughout the entire year without the usual interrup- 
tions of vacations. The same advice is given to schools for 
dental surgery and pharmacy. Students who anticipate 
entering the medical profession and in their college work 
have made preparation for a medical education should be 
encouraged to continue in their original intention. 

THE AMERICAN RED CROSS. 

158. The American National Red Cross is the only volun- 
teer society now authorized by this Government to render aid 
to its land and naval forces in time of war. Any other 
society desiring to render similar assistance can do so only 
through the American National Red Cross. (General Or- 
der No. 170, War Department, 1911.) 

159. Functions. The purposes of the American National 
Red Cross are: 

1. To furnish volunteer aid to the sick and wounded in 
time of war. 

2. To act in matters of voluntary relief and in accord 
with the military and naval authorities as a medium of 
communication between the people of the United States of 
America and their Army and Navy. 

3. To carry on a system of national and international re- 
lief in time of peace, and to apply the same to mitigating the 
sufferings caused by pestilence, famine, fire, floods, and great 
national calamities. 

Funds. The society is supported by voluntary contribu- 
tions. 

FORM OF ORGANIZATION. 

160. Central organization. The governing body consists 
of a central committee^ numbering 18 persons, appointed in 
the manner following: Six by the incorporators, 6 by the 
representatives of the State and Territorial societies, and 6 
by the President of the United States, one of whom shall be 
designated by him as chairman, and one each to be named 
by him from the Departments of State, War, Navy, Treasury, 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



101 



and Justice. The central committee appoints an executive 
committee of 7 persons from its own members. At present 
the national officers are: President, Hon. Woodrow Wilson; 
vice president, Robert W. De Forest; treasurer, Hon. John 
Skelton Williams; counselor, Hon. John W. Davis; secre- 
tary, Charles L. Magee; chairman central committee, Hon. 
William Howard Taft; vice chairman, Eliot Wadsworth. 

The work of the society is carried on under the War 
Council appointed by President Wilson. • Its membership 
is as follows: Henry P. Davison, chairman; Charles D. 
Norton, Grayson M. P. Murphy, Edward N. Hurley, Cor- 
nelius N. Bliss, Jr., and Hon. William Howard Taft and 
Eliot Wadsworth, ex officio. 

The Department of Civilian Relief is under the direction 
of W. Frank Persons; the Department of Military Relief 
is under the direction of John D. Ryan; and the Supply 
Service is under the direction of Frank B. Gilford. Mr. 
Harvey D. Gibson has been appointed General Field Head, 
with headquarters in Washington. Mr. Gibson's duties will 
be to reorganize the departments, develop the chapters and 
increase the Red Cross membership. 

The national headquarters of the American Red Cross are 
at Washington, D. C. Major Grayson M. P. Murphy repre- 
sents the Red Cross in Europe. 

161. The local orgamzations are called chapters or auxil- 
iaries and are grouped in divisions under directors. On 
February 1 Red Cross chapters numbered only 272 ; on July 
1 the number had reached 1,534. The Red Cross member- 
ship is now over 2,000,000. Information regarding Red 
Cross work may be obtained by applying to American Red 
Cross, Washington, D. C, or to the division directors, as 
follows: Director of northeastern division, James Jackson, 
Boston, 4 Liberty Square; director of Atlantic division, 
A. W. Staub, New York, Metropolitan Tower; director of 
central division, John J. O'Connor, Chicago, 112 West 
Adams Street; director of southern division, E. H. Wells, 
Washington, American Red Cross; director of mountain 
division, S. P. Morris, Denver, State capitol; director of 
Pacific division, John L. Clymer, San Francisco, 502 Cali- 
fornia Street. The first source of information, however, 

106006°— 17 8 



102 Medical and Nursing Service. 



should be the local chapter. If no chapter exists, the or- 
ganization of one might well be considered. For advice in 
this matter address Mr. H. D. Gibson, American Red Cross, 
Washington, D. C. 

162. Authority for war service. The system according 
to which the Red Cross is authorized to render aid to the 
land and naval forces of the United States is described by 
an act of Congress approved on April 24, 1912. 

The organized Red Cross units serving with the land forces will 
constitute a part of the sanitary service of the land forces. 

When the War Department desires the use of the services of the 
Red Cross in time of war, or when war is imminent, the Secretary 
of War will communicate with the chairman of the central com- 
mittee of the society, specifying the character of the service required, 
the kind and number of Red Cross units desired, and designating the 
place or places where the personnel and materiel will be assembled. 

When any member of the Red Cross reports for duty with the land 
forces of the United States, pursuant to a proper call, he will there- 
after be subject to military laws and regulations as provided in 
article 10 of the International Red Cross Convention of 1906, and will 
be provided with the necessary brassard and certificate of identity. 

Except in cases of great emergency, Red Cross personnel serving 
with the land forces will not be assigned to duty at the front, but will 
be employed in hospitals in the home country, at the base of opera- 
tions, on hospital ships, and along lines of communications of the 
military forces of the United States. 

Before military patients are received in a Red Cross hospital, 
specific authority must in the first instance be received from the 
Secretary of War, and the director must be a commissioned officer of 
the Medical Corps or, in special cases, an officer of the medical section 
of the Officers' Reserve Corps designated by him to command it. 
Under specific authority, however, military patients may be sent to 
Red Cross general hospitals not commanded by a commissioned medi- 
cal officer under such conditions as to allowances, reports, and the con- 
trol of military patients as the Secretary of War may prescribe. 

163. Official examination. No units, sections, detachments, or indi- 
viduals of the American Red Cross will be accepted for service by the 
War Department, unless previously inspected by a medical officer of 
the Army, and found qualified for the service expected of them. 

The American Red Cross may, when war occurs or is imminent, be 
called upon by the War Department to assist the sanitary service by 
furnishing organized units, sections, detachments, or individuals 
whose services may be necessary, such as physicians, surgeons, 
dentists, chaplains, laboratory experts and their assistants, pharma- 
cists, nurses, stenographers and clerks, hospital personnel, and sick 
transport personnel. 



Medical and Nursing Service. 103 



164. Compensation. Persons enrolled by the American Red Cross 
in its units or as individuals who are accepted for the sanitary serv- 
ice shall be paid by the National Government according to the nature 
of their services whenever authority of law exists for such payment 
either on military rolls or as civilian employees. 

Red Cross volunteers are persons who give their services without 
pay, and such volunteers serving with Red Cross organizations, or as 
individuals under Red Cross commissions, warrants, or letters of ap- 
pointment, shall, during the period of such service with the sanitary 
department of the Army, be given the respect due to their positions 
and services and shall be furnished such appropriate quarters, beds, 
food, and transportation as may be necessary for the discharge of 
their duties. They shall be entitled to wear a distinctive badge ap- 
proved by the Secretary of War and issued by the American Red 
Cross. 

165. Military status. All units, sections, detachments, or individuals 
of the American Red Cross, upon being accepted for duty by the 
Secretary of War in time of war, or when war is imminent, shall from 
the date of such acceptance be subject to the orders of the proper 
military authorities, and such Red Cross personnel when serving with 
the Armies of the United States in the field, both within and without 
the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, are subject to the 
Articles of War. 

166. Classes of volunteers. To facilitate the enrollment and train- 
ing of Red Cross personnel it shall be divided into three classes : 

Class A. Those willing to serve wherever needed. 

Class B. Those willing to serve in home country only. 

Class C. Those willing to serve at place of residence only. 
Only persons belonging to class A shall be enrolled in Red Cross 
organizations intended for service at military bases or along the line 
of communications, Individuals whose services may be needed in the 
zone of the line of communications and base may be also enrolled in 
class A. 

Class B will be enrolled for service in hospitals and other sanitary 
institutions that may be established in the home country. They may 
be organized into such units and receive such training as may be 
deemed advisable. 

Class C will be composed of individuals of local Red Cross societies 
who on account of their occupation or experience in the care of sick 
and other hospital duties may be expected to render efficient service in 
military institutions established in their locality. 

167. Units. The Red Cross units organized for service 
with the Army or for the purpose of training personnel 
therefore are: 

1. Ambulance companies. (See paragraph 172.) 

2. Base hospitals. (See paragraphs 170 and 171.) 



104 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



3. Hospital units. (See paragraphs 170 and 171.) 

4. Surgical sections. 

5. Emergency nurse detachments. 

6. Sanitary training detachments. (See paragraph 

173.) 

7. Information sections. 

8. Refreshment units and detachments. 

9. Supply depots. (See paragraph 174.) 

10. General hospitals. 

11. Convalescent homes. (See paragraph 178.) 

168. Information. For detailed statements on the work of 
these units and other facts not given here consult the 
Regulations Governing the Employment of the American 
Red Cross in Time of War, which may be obtained for the 
sum of 5 cents from the Superintendent of Documents, 
Washington, D. C. Remittance may be made by coupons, 
purchasable in sets of 20 for $1. Stamps will not be ac- 
cepted. 

169. The Bed Cross War Council and its plans. The Red 
Cross has completed a campaign to raise $100,000,000 with 
which to carry on its war work. Mr. H. P. Davison, chair- 
man of the Red Cross war council, who assumed the leader- 
ship in this undertaking, has explained the need for this 
fund, as follows: 

Given the greatest war the world has known, now entering the 
last month of its third year, on the one hand ; the American Eed Cross 
on the other, what is the Red Cross going to do? 

The first thing it is going to do is to effect the most efficient 
organization possible. The President has appointed a Avar council, 
which council has assumed the responsibility of effecting this organi- 
zation. It is developing plans which involve the selection of the 
best talent in the United States in medicine, in sanitation, in trans- 
portation, in construction, in welfare work, in purchasing, in com- 
mercial business, in accounting, and in such other lines as may be 
required in an undertaking of this magnitude. Ordinarily it would be 
difficult to employ trained talent of the character required. Men 
would not be available, but it has already been demonstrated beyond 
any concern on the part of the council that the best talent is available 
and most of it volunteer, so that in whatever direction it may be 
necessary to move the work may be carried on intelligently, efficiently, 
and economically. 



Medical and Nursing Service. 105 



The desire of the war council is for immediate action to be as 
efficiently and economically executed as possible. By reason of the 
cooperative spirit of the public it is believed that the overhead charges 
in the administration of this work will be comparatively low. Only 
a small percentage of each dollar contributed will be required to carry 
the relief to its destination. 

Next we shall continue organizing base hospitals with personnel 
and full equipment in order that they may be turned over to the 
Army upon a day's notice for transport to France. At the same time 
we will proceed to organize such units to be stationed at the mobiliza- 
tion camps of our soldiers and our sailors in this country as may be 
desired by the Surgeon General of the Army and Navy. Also we shall 
proceed with the purchasing, collection, shipment, and storing of such 
supplies as may be necessary, or even precautionary, to be immedi- 
ately available. 

We shall purchase, equip, and man hospital ships. We shall 
organize and maintain a sanitary engineering corps to be subject to 
the call of the Army or Navy. In fact, we should be prepared to meet 
any and every emergency in connection with the needs of our soldiers 
and sailors in this country when called upon by the Army and the 
Navy, it being understood that our work in this particular is sup- 
plemental to that of those departments of our Government. 

How much is this going to cost? No one can tell, because no one as 
yet knows whether we are to have 500,000 men or 2,000,000 men, or 
more, mobilized and going forward to the line of battle. The fore- 
going, you will note, treats only with the military necessities and 
not with the civilian relief in our own country, to which, important 
as it is, I make no reference in this statement. 

This same service we propose to render through the Red Cross to 
American soldiers and sailors abroad, not merely to protect them in 
health and to maintain them as effective fighting men, but to look 
after their comfort and happiness while they are on leave. The Red 
Cross must act as a foster parent to these young soldiers of America 
3,000 miles from their homes. 

In addition to its work at home and with the soldiers in the field 
the Red Cross is planning extensive war relief work in Europe (see 
paragraph 42). 

The policy of the Red Cross in handling its funds has been 
announced as follows: 

The Red Cross has appropriated $1,000,000 to provide immediate 
necessities in France, to be spent under the direction of the American 
Red Cross Commission in France headed by Major Grayson M. P. 
Murphy, a member of the War Council. The Red Cross has also 
appropriated $200,000 to purchase medical supplies and instruments, 
whereby the Red Cross Commission to Russia may take care of more 
urgent needs upon arrival in that country. 



106 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



The sum of $200,000 has been appropriated to purchase materials to 
supply most urgent needs in Rournania. The sum of $300,000 has 
been appropriated for use in Armenia, and $6,500 has been appro- 
priated to purchase drugs to be sent to the Russian Red Cross. 

Aside from the foregoing no appropriations have been made by the 
War Council for work in foreign countries. The need in all the allied 
countries is beyond computation and use can be found for all funds 
which can possibly be obtained either now or in the future. That 
very fact imposes upon the Red Cross an extraordinary obligation, 
which it fully recognizes, to use the funds committed to it only after 
assuring itself not only that any proposed expenditure will do good, 
but that it will accomplish the greatest good relative to other needs 
which are crying to be supplied. 

The Red Cross has now at work in France a commission of experts 
and it has more recently sent to Russia a similar commission. The 
expenses of these commissions are borne privately and are not a 
charge on Red Cross funds. It is the purpose of the Red Cross to send 
similar commissions to Italy and Roumania, and also to appoint a com- 
missioner to Great Britain. No appropriations for use in any country 
will be made until after investigation, and all except emergency ap- 
propriations will be made by the War Council for specific purposes 
and in specified amounts. 

It is also the policy of the War Council to withhold any very large 
expenditures abroad until it is made certain that every necessary 
provision has been made to take care of our own soldiers and sailors. 

Appropriations as authorized will as far as feasible be made public 
immediately, and frequent statements will summarize the expendi- 
tures of the past and set forth the condition of Red Cross finances. 

WORK FOR MEN. 

The first thing to do is to join the Eed Cross. The annual 
membership fee is $1. 

170. The base hospital units call for men of some training. 
An Army unit cares for 500 beds, and at full strength has 



the following personnel : 

Medical officers 1 23 

Dentists 2 

Chaplains ' 1 

Nurses 2 50 

Nurses' aids 3 25 

Male administration personnel x 150 

Civilian employees 15 



2 Fifteen additional nurses in reserve. 

3 Twenty-five additional in reserve. 

1 This number includes the quartermaster and registrar, who may not be 
medical men. 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



107 



171. The unit for the Navy calls for from 250 to 350 beds 
and has the following personnel: 

Medical officers 10 

Dentists 1 

Nurses 1 40 

Nurses' aids 2 14 

Civilian employees 2 20 

Medical men accepted for these units must be between the 
ages of 25 and 50, graduates of a recognized medical school 
and licensed to practice. The Red Cross doctors are en- 
rolled in the Officers' Reserve Corps and the remaining per- 
sonnel as enlisted men under military control. (See para- 
graphs 162, 165, and 226.) 

172. Ambulance companies are organized to bring the 
wounded to the base hospitals. A company requires the fol- 
lowing personnel: 



Captain 

First lieutenants. 

First sergeant 

Sergeants 

Mechanics 



Cooks 2 

Assistant cooks 2 

Chauffeurs 20 

Musicians 2 

Privates 43 



Applicants for enrollment in the ambulance companies 
must be between the ages of 18 and 45 and must be able to 
meet the physical, educational, and practical requirements 
which may be prescribed. 

173. Sanitary training detachments are formed to train 
men for medical service. A detachment consists of : 



Commandant 

Assistant commandant. 

Quartermaster 

Pharmacist 

Section chiefs 



Mechanics 4 

Carpenters 4 

Cooks „ 2 

Clerks 2 

Privates 40 



For information concerning service in the groups described 
above, address Bureau of Medical Service, American Red 
Cross, Washington, D. C. 

174. Supplies. The hospital units, ambulance companies, 
and sanitary detachments need supplies, such as surgical 
dressings, garments, and hospital supplies, for all of which 



1 Twenty additional nurses in reserve. 

2 Not necessary for enrollment. 



108 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



chapters and individuals are urged to assume the responsi- 
bility. Money, rooms for the use of workers, and storage 
space are also needed. Those who stay at home may help in 
these ways. Information will be furnished by American Red 
Cross, Bureau of Supplies, Washington, D. C, or 1 Madison 
Avenue, New York City. 

175. Camp representatives. Opportunity to serve as vol- 
unteer representatives of the Red Cross in training camps 
here and later, if desired, with the troops abroad is offered 
to men over 31. These representatives will receive food and 
shelter from the Government on the same footing as lieu- 
tenants and captains. They would be expected to cooperate 
with the officers, hospitals, Y. M. C. A., and other non- 
military organizations, and to call on the Red Cross for 
emergency supplies needed for the welfare and comfort of 
the troops. Application may be addressed to Mr. Henry S. 
Thompson, American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. 

WORK FOR WOMEN. 

176. Nursing. Again, the first thing to do is to join the 
Red Cross. Graduate registered nurses between the ages of 
25 and 40, physically strong and recommended by their pro- 
fession, may serve in the base hospital units. The Red Cross 
Nursing Service has 12,000 accepted nurses enrolled. Four- 
teen hundred nurses are needed, enough for 2,000,000 men. 

Nurses' aids are selected from those who have earned cer- 
tificates in elementary hygiene and home care of the sick, 
home dietetics, and the preparation of surgical dressings. 
These courses are given in New York, Brooklyn, Philadel- 
phia, Washington, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Chicago, San 
Francisco, Pasadena, Los Angeles, and wherever 10 women 
can get an enrolled Red Cross nurse as instructor. (See 
paragraph 161.) 

Professional nurses and those desiring instruction in first 
aid and the courses mentioned above should address the Bu- 
reau of Nursing Service, American Red Cross, Washington, 
D. C. 

177. General aid. Most women can help, if they will, in 
preparation of supplies. Eight three-hour lessons, chiefly 



Medical and Nursing Service. 



109 



practical, are needed for instruction in preparing surgical 
supplies. Write the nearest chapter or the Bureau of Nurs- 
ing Service, American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. 

Convalescent homes will be such private residences or 
other buildings or institutions as are accepted by the Amer- 
ican Red Cross as complying with the necessary condi- 
tions for providing accommodation for disabled officers and 
men who require no further active medical or surgical treat- 
ment, and who are awaiting discharge from the service on 
account of permanent disability. The expenses in connec- 
tion with the upkeep of convalescent homes will be met en- 
tirely by private funds, except that an allowance for sub- 
sistence may be made by the Government when desired. 
Convalescent homes will be at all times subject to inspec- 
tion by duly authorized representatives of the War Depart- 
ment. 

WORK FOR ALL MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY. 

178. If increased medical science has taught us a^rthing 
it has taught us that there is no such thing as being sick all 
by oneself. The sickness of an individual may sometimes 
be of tremendous community importance if the disease be 
contagious and in any case the community efficiency is de- 
creased by one unit, and even more than that since the person 
who is ill demands attention from others. It is the realiza- 
tion of this fact that gives importance to the care with 
which every member in the community looks out for his 
own health. 

The soldiers in training have some one to watch them 
constantly and a sick list is made up daily. Every effort is 
going to be made by those in authority at the camps to give 
those in training the most expert and most immediate medical 
treatment. 

Those in civilian life are not subject to such a medical 
service, but if the citizen army of 100,000,000 is to maintain 
its efficiency every citizen must cooperate and must not only 
care for his own health but be on the lookout for anything in 
the community in which he lives which would tend to de- 
crease the healthful character of the locality. More specifi- 



110 Medical and Nursing Service. 



cally, increased attention must be paid to conditions on 
vacant lots, area ways, cellars, back yards, drains, pollution 
of streams, etc. , 

Private and public hospitals should be encouraged and 
dispensaries should be provided with funds making their 
continued activity possible. What we should like to do 
in times of peace we have come to regard as not merely de- 
sirable but as absolutely necessary in times of war. Some 
such few desirable immediate by-products the conflict may 
bring us. 



THE ARMY. 



179. Table of United States Army armed forces as at 
present authorized: 

Regular Army 300, 000 

National Guard (16 divisions) 450,000 

National Army (first call) 687,000 

In addition to these forces there are enrolled a consider- 
able number of reserve officers; 40,000 men are in officers' 
training camps; 16,000 men are serving in the Enlisted 
Reserve Corps, and provision has been made for reserve 
forces for the Regular Army, the National Guard, and for 
special and technical corps to serve with the National Army. 
A second series of officers' training camps will be opened on 
August 27, with 12,000 men enrolled. (See paragraph 218 
and following.) 

The national registration on June 5 of men between 21 
and 30, inclusive, showed a total enrollment for the United 
States of 9,659,382. 

180. The Army of the United States. From the Regular 
Army, the National Guard, and the National Army will 
come, in the main, our fighting forces. Individuality each 
of the elements will have, but they are all part of one great 
army. One step to make this evident has already been 
taken. The regiments, brigades, and divisions of each arm 
of the above three groups will be numbered in a separate 
series, and the first number of each series will be as indicated 
in the following table : 





Regiment. 


Infantry. 


Field 
Artillery. 


Cavalry. 


Engi- 
neers 
(pio- 
neers). 


Regular Army 


1 
101 
301 


1 

101 
301 


1 

101 
301 


1 

101 
301 


National Guard 








Brigade. 


Division. 


Infantry. 


Field 
Artillery. 


Cavalry. 


Infantry. 


Field 
Artillery. 


Cavalry. 


Regular Army 


1 
51 
151 


1 

51 
151 


1 
51 
151 


1 

26 
76 




i 15 


National Guard 




National Army 













This is to provide for the organization of Cavalry divisions, either mounted or dismounted. 

Ill 



112 



The Army. 



The Engineer regiments, except pioneers, will be numbered 
in the manner already approved and put into effect. 

The designations of regiments of the National Guard will 
show in parentheses their present State designations, as, for 

example, th Infantry (1st Me.), th Field Artillery 

(2d Pa.) , etc. The designations of regiments of the National 
Army will show in parentheses the State from which each 
organization, or the bulk of it, was drawn, as, for example, 

th Infantry (W. Va.), th Field Artillery (Minn.). 

No parentheses implies Regular Army, an ordinal number 
and State abbreviation implies National Guard, a simple 
State abbreviation implies National Army. 

181. Pay in the Army. The figures given include a 20 
per cent increase for foreign service. 

Monthly pay for first enlistment period. 



$33. 


$36.60. 


$40.20. 


$40.80. 


$44. 


$51.20. 


Private. 


Private 
First 
Class. 


Corporal, 
Artillery, 
Cavalry, 
Infantry. 


Corporal, 
Engineers, 
Ordnance, 
Signal 
Corps, 
Q. M. Corps, 

Medical 
Department. 


Sergeant, 
Artillery, 
Cavalry, 
Infantry. 

Stable 
Sergeant, 

Field 
Artillery, 
Cavalry, 
Infantry. 

Supply 
Sergeant 
Artillery, 
Cavalry, 
Infantry. 


Sergeant, 
Engineers, 
Ordnance, 
Signal Corps, 
Q. M. Corps, 

Medical 
Department. 

Stable 
Sergeant, 
Engineers. 

Supply 
Sergeant, 
Engineers. 


Saddler. 


Mess 
Sergeant, 
Artillery, 
Cavalry, 
Infantry. 


Mess 
Sergeant, 
Engineers. 


Mechanic, 
Infantry, 
Cavalry, 

Field 
Artillery, 
Medical 
Department. 


Mechanic, 

Coast 
Artillery. 


Private 
Second 
Class. 


Color 
Sergeant. 


Chief Mechanic, 
Field Artillery. 


Cook. 


Electrician 
Sergeant 
Second Clasp. 


Bugler. 


Horseshoer. 


Farrler. 


Musician 
Third Class, 
Infantry, 
Cavalry, 
Artillery, 
Engineers. 


Radio 
Sergeant. 


Band 
Sergeant. 

Musician 
First Class, 
Infantry, 
Cavalry, 
Artillery, 
Engineers. 

Musician 
Second Class. 
Military 
Academy. 


Wagoner. 


Fireman. 

Band 
Corporal. 

Musician 
Second Class, 
Cavalry, 
Artillery, 
Infantry, 
IDngineers. 

Musician 
Third Class, 
Military 
Academy. 



The Army. 113 

Monthly pay for first enlistment period — Continued. 



$56. 



Battalion 
Sergeant 
Major, 
Field 
Artillery, 
Infantry. 

Squadron 
Sergeant 
Major. 



Sergeant 
Major, 
Junior Grade. 



Master 
Gunner. 



Sergeant 
Bugler. 



Assistant 

Band 
Leader. 



860. 



Regimental 
Sergeant Major. 



Regimental 

Supply 
Sergeant. 



Sergeant Major, 
Senior Grade. 



Quartermaster 
Sergeant, 
Q. M. Corps. 



Ordnance 
Sergeant. 



First 
Sergeant. 

Battalion 
Sergeant 

Major, 
Engineers. 



Battalion 

Supply 
Sergeant 
Engineers. 



Electrician 
Sergeant 
First Class. 



Sergeant 
First Class, 
Q. M. Corps, 

Engineers, 
Signal Corps. 



Assistant 
Engineer. 



Musician 
First Class, 
Military 
Academy. 



Sergeant 
First Class, 

Medical 
Department. 



Sergeant, 

Field 
Musician, 
Military 
Academy. 



384. 



Hospital 
Sergeant. 



Master 
Engineer, 
Junior Grade. 



S96. 



Quartermaster 
Sergeant, 
Senior Grade, 
Q. M. Corps. 



Band 
Leader. 



Master 
Signal 
Electricl\n. 



Master 
Electrician. 



Master 
Engineer, 
Senior Grade. 



Engineer. 



Master 
Hospital 
Sergeant. 



Band 
Sergeant 

and 
Assistant 
Leader, 
Military. 
Academy. 



Monthly pay is increased with successive enlistments. 

Certain men because of special qualifications and service 
draw monthly pay beyond the regular enlistment rate, as 
follows : 

Additional pay 

Mess sergeant $6. 00 

Casemate electrician 9. 00 



Observer first class 9. 00 

Plotter 9. 00 

Coxswain 9. 00 

Chief planter 7.00 

Chief loader 7.00 

Observer second class 7. 00 

Gun commander 7. 00 

Gun pointer 7. 00 

Surgical assistant 5. 00 



per month, 

Expert first-class gunner 

F. A $5.00 

Expert rifleman 5. 00 

Nurse (first-class private) 3. 00 

Sharpshooter 3. 00 

First-class gunner 3. 00 

Second-class gunner 2. 00 

Marksman 2. 00 

Dispensary assistant 2. 00 

Certificate of merit 2.00 



114 



The Army. 



Enlisted men are provided free with all necessary clothing 
and equipment. 

Officers, in addition to fixed allowances for quarters, heat, 
and light, receive the following sums yearly, with provision 
for increase every five years for all ranks below brigadier 
general: Second lieutenant, $1,700; first lieutenant, $2,000; 
captain, $2,400; major, $3,000; lieutenant colonel, $3,500; 
colonel, $4,000; brigadier general, $6,000; major general, 
$8,000 ; lieutenant general, $11,000. 

While in France pay may be drawn either in French cur- 
rency, at an exchange rate announced monthly, or in a check 
on the Treasury of the United States, which may easily be 
sent to the States or cashed in France at the current rate of 
exchange. The present rate (July 15) is 5.70 francs to the 
dollar. 

182. Special provisions for men in service. Legislation 
providing for compensation and indemnification for soldiers 
and sailors and those dependent upon them has not yet been 
passed. Measures are being considered, however, for govern- 
mental action in this matter. Preliminary definite steps were 
taken on July 2, when Secretary McAdoo called a conference 
of the life insurance companies of the United States to con- 
sider plans to this end. The conference was attended by 
representatives of the War, Navy, and Commerce Depart- 
ments and the Council of National Defense. After a pro- 
longed discussion, the insurance men voted almost unanim- 
ously that the insurance and indemnification of the soldiers 
and sailors should be undertaken by the Government. The 
preparation of necessary legislation was begun immediately. 

On July 13 Samuel Gompers, chairman of the Committee 
on Labor of the Council of National Defense, appointed 
Judge Julian W. Mack, United States circuit court, of 
Chicago, chairman of the Section on Compensation for Sol- 
diers and Sailors and their Dependents. Judge Mack will 
work in cooperation with the Treasury Department. He has 
expressed, as his opinion, the belief that the responsibility 
of providing funds for separation allowances, compensation 
for injuries, and pensions should rest upon the Government. 

The committee selected by Judge Mack to draft legislation 
on separation allowances, compensation for injuries, and 



The Army. 



115 



pensions, to be presented to the Council of National Defense 
for approval and then to Congress, is: P. Tecumseh Sher- 
man, New York, chairman ; D. L. Cease, editor of the Rail- 
road Trainmen's Journal, of Cleveland, secretary; and 
Frank V. Whiting, general claims attorney, New York Cen- 
tral Lines, New York; Prof. F. Spencer Baldwin, New 
York; S. Herbert Wolfe, Washington; and J. W. Sullivan, 
of the American Federation of Labor. 

Mr. Edwin F. Sweet, Assistant Secretary of Commerce, 
on July 14 made the following statement regarding the insur- 
ance of the fighting forces of the Nation : 

It is possible at this time to suggest the general outlines of a plan 
for consideration and constructive criticism. I believe there should be 
created in connection with one of the existing executive departments 
of the Government a soldiers' and sailors' indemnity bureau, with a 
competent man of insurance experience at its head ; that the necessary 
actuarial and clerical assistance should be provided ; that protection 
for a definite amount, not exceeding $4,000, should be automatically 
furnished to everyone in the military and naval sendee of the United 
States, without regard to rank and without expense to the insured; 
that such insurance or protection should cover partial and total dis- 
ability as well as death ; that no medical examination should be 
required except that necessary for admission into the service ; that all 
losses should be paid in regular installments ; that all adjustments 
should be made with the least possible delay ; and that a limit, 
analogous to statutes of limitation, should be fixed for the correction 
of records and the presentation of claims. 

As concrete evidence of the Government's obligation a certificate or 
policy might well be given to each soldier and sailor. This would 
materially add to its moral influence. 

In addition to the protection thus furnished to all engaged in war 
service, I think the same bureau should be authorized to furnish death 
and casualty benefits or protection to soldiers and sailors to the 
amount of $6,000 to one individual, upon terms as favorable as in 
times of peace. From the experience of the Bureau of War-Risk Insur- 
ance it is conceivable that this can be done by the Government without 
material loss. The funds that a private corporation applies to com- 
missions, medical-examination fees, advertising, etc., would be avail- 
able by the Government for the payment of losses. But if loss should 
result, a proper recognition of the obligation conferred upon the 
general public by the defenders of their country demands that it 
should be met by the Government and thus fall upon all who receive 
the benefit of the service rendered rather than upon those who 
render it. 

183. Mail for the forces in Europe. Mail addressed to 
members of the expeditionary forces should bear the com- 



116 



The Army. 



plete designation of the division, regiment, company, or other 
organization to which the addressee belongs. 

Under no circumstances should the location or station of 
a military organization be included in the address on a letter 
for a person or organization in Europe. 

In the upper left-hand corner of a letter should be placed 
the usual form of return request and the name and address 
of the sender. 

Postage should be fully prepaid. The rate on letter mail 
to our military forces in France is 2 cents the ounce or frac- 
tion thereof. Newspaper mail is carried for 1 cent for 4 
ounces. 

No other than United States postage stamps are available 
for the prepayment of postage. 
The correct manner of addressing a letter is as follows : 

Return to Stamp. 
Mrs. John Smith, 

Blank Street, 

New York City. 

John Smith, Jr., 

Co. X, — Infantry, 

American Expeditionary Forces. 

Money orders payable at the United States postal agency 
or its branches in Europe will be sold to purchasers in the 
United States or its possessions, and money orders payable in 
the United States or its possessions will be sold to purchasers 
at the agency or its branches in Europe, under regulations 
provided by the Post Office Department, at domestic rates. 

Money and valuables will not be accepted for transmission 
by registered mail. Important papers which can be dupli- 
cated if lost may be accepted for registration, but indemnity 
will not be paid for lost registered mail. Postal money 
orders should be used. 

Mail for American military personnel in Europe should 
not be forwarded in care of The Adjutant General of the 
Army, as a general rule. This may be done, however, in 
cases where the writer does not know that the addressee has 
actually embarked. Mail should not be sent in care of our 
embassies abroad. 



The Army. 



117 



There is no provision at present for parcel-post service 
between our forces in Europe and the United States or its 
possessions. 

Private telegrams to be cabled to members of the American 
Expeditionary Force in Europe will be addressed "Amex- 
force, London " with the addressee's name and the official 
designation of the unit to which he belongs appearing as 
the first words of the text. 

Under no circumstances should the location or station of 
a unit be designated in the address or body of a telegram. 

Examples are given as follows: 

A telegram to Captain John B. Jones, Medical Corps, 
United States Army Base Hospital No. 10, American Ex- 
peditionary Forces, would be in the following form : 

Arnexforce, London, 

Jolm B. Jones, Base Hospital Number 10 : 
Have followed your instructions. 

~M\v.y Jones. 

Or, for Private H. K. Smith, Company K, Forty-seventh 
United States Infantry : 

Amexforee, London, 

H. K. Smith, Co. K, Forty-seventh U. S. Infantry : 

Will not change address. 

Jake Smith. 

To comply with European censorship regulations all mes- 
sages must be written in plain language (Englirh or French) , 
or in an international code, and must be intelligible to the 
censors. The use of two codes or two languages or of com- 
binations of code and plain language in the same message 
is forbidden. Code language may be used only in full-rate 
messages. 

Codes authorized by the British censorship are : 
A. B. C. 5th: Scott's 10th; Western Union; Lieber's; 
Bentley's Complete Phrase Code (not including the oil and 
mineral supplements) ; BroomhalFs Imperial Combination 
Code; BroomhalFs Imperial Combination Code, rubber edi- 
tion; Myers's Atlantic Cotton Code, thirty-ninth edition; 
Riverside Code, fifth edition. 

In case of a code message, the name of the code must be 
designated when the message is filed. 



118 



The Army. 



Every telegraph message must be signed. The surname 
alone may be used, but such a signature as " John," " Mary," 
" Mother," etc., will not be passed. 

Attention is called to the fact that there are three classes 
of service available — full rate, deferred rate, and week-end 
rate. 

It is the intention of the War Department to detail an 
officer specially to care for Army mail matters. 

THE BEGTTLAB AE1Y. 

184. Men* needed. About 15,000 recruits were needed on 
July 30 for the Regular Army in the various branches, as 
indicated in paragraph 186. A considerable number of pro- 
visional second lieutenants are also required. (See para- 
graph 187 and following. 

185. Avenues for entering the Army. Officers for the 
Regular Army are graduates from the West Point Military 
Academy or those who have passed examination for pro- 
visional second lieutenant, (see paragraph 187 and follow- 
ing), or such reserve officers as may be assigned. The 
enlisted men of the Regular Army are volunteers or those 
assigned from the selective draft. (See paragraph 194 and 
following. ) 

Enlistments on or after May 18 are for the period of 
the emergency, and it is the policy of the War Department 
to treat enlistments from April 1, 1917, on the same basis. 

186. The regiments added to the Regular Army to bring 
it up to war strength are — 

Engineers, 4 regiments, organization completed. 
Cavalry, 8 regiments, organization completed. 
Field Artillery, 12 regiments, organization completed. 
Coast Artillery, 10,000 men, list full. 

Infantry, 27 regiments (1,969 each), organization partly 
completed. 

Several thousand recruits were required for the Signal 
Corps* (including Aviation), Quartermaster Corps, and 
Medical Department (Sanitary Forces). These lists have 
been filled, except for specially qualified men. 

In addition to the recruits needed to fill the 27 new In- 
fantry regiments about 23,000 men were required to bring 
the 37 Inf antrjr regiments authorized for peace times up to 
the war footing. 



The Army. 



119 



Recruits over the 300,000 regular forces are neede4 to fill 
vacancies in order that the war strength may be maintained , 
Men ma} 7 consequently enlist in the Regular Army even after 
the authorized strength has been reached. 

PROVISIONAL SECOND LIEUTENANTS IN THE REGULAR ASMT. 

187. General statement. To increase the number of cffi- 
cers in the Regular Army, authorization was given on June 
3, 1916, for the appointment of provisional second lieuten- 
ants in the Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast 
Artillery. Appointments may be made after prescribed 
examinations from enlisted men of the Regular Army and 
officers of the Philippine Scouts, the Officers' Reserve Corps, 
the National Guard, graduates and students of " distin- 
guished " and " recognized " colleges, and from civil life. 
All information concerning these appointments is given in 
Special Regulations No. 1, "Appointment of Provisional 
Second Lieutenants," 1917. " Distinguished " colleges are 
those so listed in the annual report of the "War Department, 
because of the excellent military standing of their student 
battalions. " Recognized " colleges are those so listed by the 
Bureau of Education. 

188. Applications. Copies of the prescribed form of ap- 
plication may be obtained upon request, from The Adjutant 
General of the Army, Washington, D. C, and, when returned, 
should be accompanied by three or four testimonials as to 
character* from persons of the community in which the ap- 
plicant has lived, and from those candidates who claim ex- 
emptions under paragraphs 191 and I9-2, by proof of gradu- 
ation. 

Letters of designation. Upon receipt of application in 
proper form, The Adjutant General of the Army will issue 
letters of designation to those applicants whom the War 
Department desires to appear for examination. 

Examining boards. Candidates will be authorized to re- 
port for examination at such military posts or at such other 
places in the vicinity of their homes as may be designated 
in each case. The examination will be conducted by a board 
to consist of two medical officers and two or more line 
officers, appointed by the War Department or by the com- 
manding officer at the post designated. 



120 



The Army. 



' 189. Physical examination. Examination as to physical 
qualifications will conform to the standard required of re- 
cruits (see paragraph 197) except that any applicant whose 
degree of vision is less than 20/40 in either eye or who is 
color blind for red, green, or violet will be rejected. 

190. Examination as to moral fitness and character. Each 
applicant will submit to the officer conducting the exami- 
nation testimonials or certificates as to his moral character 
and fitness for the position of a commissioned officer, and 
these testimonials and certificates will be forwarded with 
the report of the board. 

191. Mental examination for the Mobile Army: Infantry, 
Cavalry, and Field Artillery — 

Group I. 

Weight. 



1. United States history and Constitution 1 

2. English grammar and composition 2 

3. General history 1 

4. Geography 1 

5. Arithmetic ._ 1 

6. Algebra 1 

7. Geometry, plane 1 

8. Trigonometry, plane 1 

Group II. 

1. English and American literature 2 

2. French . 2 

3. German 2 

4. Spanish 2 

5. Analytical geometry 2 

6". Calculus (differential and integral) 2 

7. Minor tactics and field engineering 2 

8. Surveying 2 



For general scope of the mental examination see Special 
Regulations No. 1. 

Exemptions: (a) Honor graduates of "distinguished col- 
leges." No mental examination. 

(b) Graduates of "recognized colleges" exempt from 
Group I and all save two subjects in Group II. Only one 
foreign language may be offered. 

(c) Students of " recognized colleges " exempt from all of 
Group I for which certificate of examination or satisfac- 



The Army. 



121 



tory completion can be produced. If this list includes more 
than 4 of Group I, two subjects of Group II are required. 
Only one foreign language may be offered. If less than 4, 
the candidate comes under (d). 

(d) All candidates from the Officers' Reserve Corps, the 
National Guard, and from civil life who are not graduates 
of or students in a recognized college or university will take 
all of Group I and any one subject of Group II. 

(e) Men now in Officers' Training Camps. ISTo mental 
examination. (See paragraph 213.) 

Special Cavalry examination. Upon the completion of 
the mental examination the board will examine the appli- 
cants for mounted service and will report upon their suit- 
ability therefor, taking into consideration only proficiency 
in riding, horsemanship, and size when so igreat as to indi- 
cate present or future unsuitability for mounted service. 

192. Mental examination for Coast Artillery Corps: 

Giioup I. 

Weight. 



1. United States History and Constitution 1 

2. English grammar and composition 2 

8, General history 1 

4. Geography 1 

5. Arithmetic- . 1 

6. Algebra 1 

7. Geometry, plane 1 

8. Trigonometry, plane 1 

9. Elementary electricity 1 

10. Elementary mechanics 1 

11. Elementary chemistry 1 

Gro t jp II. 

Weight. 

1. English and American literature 2 

2. French 2 

3. German 2 

4. Spanish 2 

5. Analytical geometry 2 

G. Calculus (differential and integral) 2 

7. Surveying 2 

8. Advanced electricity 2 

9. Advanced mechanics 2 



Exemptions as in paragraph 191 except : 
All candidates from the Officers' Reserve Corps, the 
National Guard, and from civil life who are not graduates 



122 The Army. 

of a recognized college or university will take all of Group 
I and any one subject of Group II. A candidate who elects 
to take advanced electricity or advanced mechanics will be 
excused from the elementary examination in the correspond- 
ing subject of Group I. 

An examination was held beginning July 23, 1917. 

TEMPORARY SECOND LIEUTENANTS. 

193. In case of need, noncommissioned officers in the Regu- 
lar Army, after mental examination, may he appointed to 
the rank of temporary second lieutenant. Such appoint- 
ments are not open to civilians. To July 15 about 2,000 such 
appointments had been made. 

ENLISTED MEN IN THE REGULAR ARMY. 

191. Requirements. The applicant must be between the 
ages of 18 and 40, inclusive, unmarried and able-bodied, free 
from disease, able to speak the English language, and of 
good moral character and temperate habits. He must be 
sober and not below average intelligence. It is the policy 
not to enlist the subjects of enemy countries or their allies, 
since such men in the event of capture would not be subject 
to the rights of prisoners of war. Other aliens, except for 
special reasons, will be enlisted during the period of the 
present emergency. 

195. Pay. Pay varies from $30 to $105 per month. Sol- 
diers serving beyond the limits of the United States (not in 
Alaska, Hawaii, or the Canal Zone, but in Europe), have 
their pay increased 20 per cent from date of departure. In 
case of death in line of duty, a soldier's widow or any other 
person previously designated by him receives an amount 
equal to six months' pay. (See paragraphs 181 and 182.) 

196. Allotments. A soldier may make an allotment of any 
part of his pay to any person he may elect. The amount is 
then sent directly to that person by the Quartermaster Corps, 
insuring the receipt and relieving the soldier of the trouble 
of sending money home each month. 

197. Physical requirements. For Infantry, Coast Artil- 
lery, and Engineers, the height of applicants 21 years of age 
or over must be not less than 5 feet 1 inch and weight not 
more than 190 pounds. 



The Army. 



123 



For Cavalry, the height of applicants 21 years of age or 
over must be not less than 5 feet 1 inch and not more than 5 
feet 10 inches and weight not to exceed 165 pounds. 

For Field Artillery, the height of applicants 21 years of 
age or over must be not less than 5 feet 1 inch and not more 
than 6 feet and weight not more than 190 pounds. For the 
mountain batteries, the height must be not less than 5 feet 8 
inches. 

A variation not exceeding a fraction of an inch above the 
maximum or below the minimum height given for Cavalry 
and Field Artillen T is permissible if the applicant is in good 
health and is in other respects desirable as a recruit. 

The minimum weight of applicants 21 years of age or over 
for all arms of the service is 128 pounds, with some minor 
exce£>tions, but in no case will an applicant whose weight 
falls below 110 pounds be accepted without special authority 
from The Adjutant General of the Army. 



Table of physical proportions for height, iceight, and chest mobility 
for applicants under 21 years of age. 





Minimum 


Minimum 


Chest 




height. 


weight. 


mobility. 




Inches. 


Pounds. 


Inches. 


At 18 years of age 


61 


110 


2 




CI 


110 


2 


At 20 years of age 


ei 


110 


2 



198. Divisions. Men may enlist in the Infantry, the Cav- 
alry, the Field Artillery, the Coast Artillery, the Engineer 
Corps, the Medical Department, the Quartermaster Corps, 
and the Signal Corps, subject to the restrictions of para- 
graphs 184 and 186. Men between the ages of 18 and 35, in- 
clusive, who enlist in the Signal Corps of the Army may 
serve as non-fliers in the aviation section. (See paragraphs 
336 to 337, inclusive.) 

199. Special needs. The Adjutant General's office has sent 
orders to recruiting stations to enlist as many of the follow- 
ing workers as possible: Blacksmiths, blasters and powder- 
men, cabinet makers, wooden-boat calkers, bridge, house and 
ship carpenters, clerks, cooks, divers, draftsmen, drillers, 
teamsters, electricians, enginemen, chauffeurs, farriers, fire- 
men, masons, mine foremen, concrete foremen, painters, rail- 



124 



The Army. 



road construction men, glaziers, horseshoers, lithographers, 
machinists, oarsmen, skilled boatmen, mule packers, photog- 
raphers, pipefitters, plumbers, riggers, riveters, harness- 
makers, shoemakers, storeroom keepers, surveyors, transit 
men, tinsmiths, and men with practical training in engi- 
neering. 

THE OFEICEHS' HESEBVE COUPS. 
ORGANIZATION. 

200. Purpose and duty. The Officers Eeserve Corps is 
authorized by sections 37-40, 49, and 51-53 of the National 
Defense Act, approved June 3, 1916. 

Applicants commissioned in the Officers' Eeserve Corps 
will rank in the various sections according to grades and 
to length of service in their grades. Commissions will be 
issued for five years. 

In times of peace, officers of the Eeserve are liable to 
service in the field for 15 days every year, during which 
service they will receive the pay and allowance of their re- 
spective grades in the Eegular Army. In time of actual or 
threatened hostilities the President may order members of 
the Officers' Eeserve Corps, subject to physical examination, 
to temporary duty with the Eegular Army, or as officers in 
volunteer or other organizations that may be authorized by 
law, or as officers at recruit rendezvous and depots or on 
other duty. They may be promoted to vacancies in volunteer 
organizations or in the Eegular Army. While Eeserve offi- 
cers are on such service they shall be entitled to the pay and 
allowances of the corresponding grades in the Eegular 
Army. 

201. Qualifications. Commissions in the Officers' Eeserve 
Corps are open to " such citizens as shall be found physi- 
cally, mentally, and morally qualified." Enlisted men of the 
Eegular Army and of the National Guard are eligible, but 
not officers, with the restrictions noted under paragraph 203. 

202. Examinations: 

Physical examination. Each applicant must pass a phys- 
ical examination, requirements varying from the perfection 
required for the Aviation Section to the less stringent re- 



The Army. 



125 



quirements for serving in the more technical branches oil the 
field. This must be passed before the mental examination. 

Moral examination*. The applicant must, in general, fur- 
nish character recommendations from at least three repu- 
table citizens. 

Menial examination. The applicant must then apply for 
a mental examination, which will vary for the particular 
corps. Attendance for three months at an officers' training 
camp is required before application will be considered for 
line officers. (See paragraph 211.) 

203. Age restrictions. In addition the applicant must 
conform to the following age restrictions: 

L For officers of the line (Infantry, Cavalry, Field and 
Coast Artillery) : 

Second lieutenant, 21 to 32 years of age. 
First lieutenant, 21 to 3G years of age. 
Captain, 21 to 40 years of age. 
Major, 21 to 15 years of age. 
(See paragraph 222.) 

2. The above age limits do not apply for Staff Corps 
(Quartermaster, Engineer, Ordnance. Signal, Judge- Advo- 
cate, and Medical Corps) except: 

Adjutant General and Inspector General with the rank of 
major, 21 to 45 years of age. 

Commissions will not be issued for grades within which 
the applicant, by reason of age, has less than one year to 
serve. (See, however, paragraph 222.) 

DIVISIONS OF THE OFFICERS' RESERVE CORFS. 

204. The Officers' Reserve Corps has two great divisions, 
Line and Staff Officers. There are within these two branches 
subdivisions. The plan of organization follows, and there- 
after (205 ff.) a detailed description of the different arms 
of the service is given. 

O/ficers of the Line: 

1. Infantry. 1 

2. Cavalry. 1 

3. Field Artillery. 1 

4. Coast Artillery. 1 



1 For commissions in these branches attendance at cue of the officers' train- 
ing camps is necessary. 



126 



The Army. 



Officers of the Staff : 

5. Medical Officers' Reserve Corps. 

6. Adjutant General's Officers' Reserve Corps. 1 

7. Judge Advocate General's Officers' Reserve Corps. 1 

8. Inspector General's Officers' Reserve Corps. 1 

9. Quartermaster Officers' Reserve Corps. 1 

10. Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps. 1 

11. Ordnance Officers' Reserve Corps. 

12. Signal Officers' Reserve Corps. 1 

DESCRIPTION OF STAFF CORPS. 

205. Medical Officers' Reserve Department. Apply to 
Maj. Noble, or to the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C. 

1. Medical Section — for Captains and First Lieutenants; 
for Majors. 

2. Dental Section. 

3. Veterinary Section. 

For description of this division see paragraph 146 and 
following. 

206. Adjutant General's Officers 1 Reserve Corps. The 
Adjutant General of the Army, Washington, D. C. 

Judge Advocate General's Officers' Reserve Corps. Judge 
Advocate General, Washington, D. C. 

Inspector General's Officers' Reserve Corps. Inspector 
General of the Army, Washington, D. C. 

207. Quartermaster Officers' Reserve Corps. No applica- 
tions received ; see also paragraph 214. 

Applicants for the quartermaster section will be examined for 
duties that require; — 

Administrative knowledge of a technical military nature relating 
to Quartermaster Corps duties. (Theater of operations.) 

Mental examination. — For majors and captains whose duties are 
connected with the service of the theater of operations : 

Administration. — Oral and practical. The Manual for the Quarter- 
master Corps. 

General duties. — United States Army Transport Service Regula- 
tions, 1914, and circulars of the Quartermaster General's Office relat- 
ing to supplies, payment, and services. The Manual for the Quarter- 
master Corps. 

Blanks should be furnished and the applicant required to exemplify 
their use in the preparation of contracts, bonds, returns, accounts 
current, bills of lading, transportation requests, etc. 



1 Applications no longer received because of the number already on file. 



The Army. 



127 



Military law (oral). — Manual of Courts-Martial. The law of war. 
Civil functions and relations of the military. Instructions for the 
government of armies of the United States in the field (Rules of 
Land Warfare, with its appendices). 

Hippology (oral). — The Cavalry horse; draft horses and mules; 
inspection and purchase; care of; -feeding; watering. Stables: Con- 
struction ; lighting ; ventilation. Forage : Kinds and relative value ; 
inspection of; causes of deterioration; proper care of. 

Transportation (oral). — By land (rail, wagon, and pack) and 
water. Care of animals on cars and transports. Construction and 
repairs of roads, railroads, bridges, etc. 

208. Engineer Officers* Reserve Corps. Applications not 
received; see paragraph 215. 

Class A: Men who will be used for service at the front. 
First and second lieutenants : 

(a) Must have had active practice in engineering profes- 
sion or some business immediately connected with or con- 
cerned in engineering matters. 

(b) Must either hold or have qualified for the grade of 
junior engineer, electrical or mechanical, or higher grade in 
the civil service, or must be a graduate from an approved 
engineering college, or have been in the above practice of 
engineering at least two years. 

Captains: Similar qualifications to the above, except that 
men of more experience and knowledge, and with a knowl- 
edge of the principles of military organization and opera- 
tions are required. 

Class B: Engineer reserve officers required for special 
services. Candidates must be qualified for at least one of the 
following duties (Army Regulations 1493) : 

The duties of the Corps of Engineers comprise reconnoitering and 
surveying for military purposes, including the laying out of camps; 
selection of sites and formation of plans and estimates for military 
defenses; construction and repairs of fortifications and their acces- 
sories; * * * the installation of electric power plants and elec- 
tric cable connected with seacoast batteries ; * * * In time of 
war within the theater of operations it has charge of the location, 
design, and construction of wharves and landings, storehouses, hos- 
pitals, and other structures of general interest, and of the construc- 
tion, maintenance, and repair of roads, ferries, bridges, and inci- 
dental structures, and of the construction, maintenance, and opera- 
tion of railroads under military control, including the construction 
and operation of armed trains. 



128 , The Army. 



For this class no examinations may be held, appointments 
being based upon evidence submitted by the candidates, of 
their actual employment in corresponding or higher posi- 
tions in civil life, and their references to their employers. 

In addition, men have been enrolled with experience as — 

Bridge engineers. 
Civil engineers. 

Constructing engineers (earth and concrete). 
Constructing engineers (wharves, piers, and buildings). 
Electrical engineers (for small plants and power lines). 
Highway engineers. 

Mining engineers (skilled in tunneling and the use of explosives). 
Railroad engineers (construction and maintenance). 1 
Railroad operating officials. 1 
Sanitary engineers. 
Topographical engineers. 

209. Ordnance Officers* Reserve Corps. Apply for exam- 
ination to Chief of Ordnance, United States Army, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Duties. The Chief of Ordnance of the Army is charged 
with the duty of procuring, by purchase or manufacture, and 
distributing the necessary ordnance and ordnance stores for 
the Army and the National Guard. Ordnance and ordnance 
stores include cannon and artillery vehicles and equipments; 
apparatus and machines for the service and maneuver of 
artillery ; small arms, ammunition, and accouterments ; horse 
equipments and harness for Field Artillery, and horse equip- 
ments for Cavalry and other mounted men ; tools, machinery, 
and materials for the ordnance service; and all property of 
whatever nature (including specially equipped motor trucks, 
motorcycles, tractors, and railroad cars) supplied to the 
Military Establishment by the Ordnance Department. 

Eight hundred students, installed on the campuses of eight 
American colleges, are now taking the preparatory course to 
fit them for ordnance work in the Enlisted Reserve Corps. 
These students are training to become storekeepers in that 
branch of the service which will supply the new American 
armies with guns and munitions. 

The primary courses were opened in the middle of May. 
Each course is six weeks in duration. After a student is 
graduated he is sent for a higher course of training, also 



1 In actual war operations. For operations outside theater of war, see 
under Quartermaster Corps, above. 



The Army. 



129 



lasting six weeks, to various arsenals designated by the War 
Department. The men are enlisted as privates, but a certain 
percentage of those graduated from the arsenals are recom- 
mended for promotion to noncommissioned grades. 

The first or primary courses are being given at the Uni- 
versity of Illinois, University of Wisconsin, Harvard, Dart- 
mouth, the University of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania 
State College, Columbia University, and the University of 
Chicago. 

The arsenals where the men go to take their six weeks of 
higher training are situated at Watertown, Mass. ; Rock 
Island, 111. ; Augusta, Ga. ; and San Antonio, Tex. 

Captains and first lieutenants. For this class of ord- 
nance officers it is desired to have mechanical engineers, 
chemical engineers specially qualified in explosive chemistry, 
and metallurgical engineers; also men with special knowl- 
edge of the manufacture of leather goods and cloth material. 
Applicants should preferably be graduates of a recognized 
college or university, and should have had sufficient expe- 
rience in the manufacture or investigation of ordnance ma- 
terial to qualify them to take up at once such duties in the 
Ordnance Department. No oral or written examination will 
be given in these cases, but the examining board will inves- 
tigate thoroughly the education, training, and experience 
of the applicant, and weight will be given to the indorse- 
ments of the principal engineering societies. In no case will 
the physical examination be waived. 

Majors. The examination will be the same as the fore- 
going, but the board will, in addition, inquire into the busi- 
ness capacity of the applicant and his experience in handling 
affairs and men. The examination under "Administration " 
and " Duties of ordnance officers " will also be more extended 
than for the grades of captain and .first lieutenant, by reason 
of the greater responsibility pertaining to the duties of 
officers of field rank. 

210. Signal Officers^ Reserve Corps. From June 14 on 
no further applications were received for classes a and 
because of the completion of the quota needed for the time. 
It is the hope of the department that the future need for 
officers will be met by promotions from the ranks. 



130 



The Army. 



Duties. The Signal Corps is to the Army about what a 
combination of telegraph, telephone, and radio service is to a 
nation in peace time. 

The legal functions of the Signal Corps include the duties 
of collecting and transmitting information for the Army by 
telegraph or otherwise, and of devising and providing the 
means for. so doing. 

Signal troops are organized into units to construct, op- 
erate, and maintain the tactical and strategic lines of infor- 
mation for the Army. 

Qualifications. To meet these general duties, the Signal 
Corps requires officers with a knowledge of telegraph appa- 
ratus, telephones, batteries, cables, and especially at present 
motor generators, gas engines, and radio apparatus. 

Examinations: Candidates will be examined for duty in 
the following three classes: 

(a) The Signal Corps field organizations. 

(b) Special service in connection with the installation and 
operation of telephone, telegraph, and cable systems; the 
laying of deep-sea cables ; the design and supply of electrical 
equipment used in transmission of information, etc. 

(c) The Aviation Section. See paragraphs 338 to 342, 
inclusive. 

THE OFFICERS' RESERVE CORPS IN" WAR TIME. 

211. Organization. When, through the declaration of 
war, it became evident that great numbers of officers would 
be needed for a National Army the War Department deter- 
mined to suspend the established examinations for the 
Reserve Corps and accept no further applications for com- 
missions for reserve officers of the line. In the place of the 
plan suited for peace, it was decided to institute examina- 
tions which would continue for three months and not merely 
exclude the unfit, but actually train those suited for service 
and determine their individual abilities. On April 18 an- 
nouncement was made that a series of training camps would 
be established in which those willing to accept service would 
be trained, and at the end of three months examined and 
commissioned if found competent. These camps were 
opened on May 15 at 16 sites throughout the United States 
(see map, page 251), and on June 18 a camp for 1,200 negro 
officers was opened at Des Moines, Iowa. From each of the 



The Army. 131 

population areas, out of which one division for training 
the National Army would be drawn, 2,500 men were accepted 
for training. Approximately 40,000 men are, therefor 9, in 
the camps. From these probably 25,000 to 30,000 will be 
commissioned. 

212. Training. For the first month all the men in the 
camps received the same training, but for the second and 
third months they were detailed for special instruction as 
preference and ability indicated. 

213. Assignment to arms of service. Most of the men in 
the training camps will be commissioned as Infantry officers 
for the National Army. Commissions as provisional second 
lieutenants in the Regular Army may be given to not more 
than 10 per cent of those between the ages of 21 and 27 from 
each camp. These men will be exempt from the mental ex- 
amination usually required (see paragraphs 191 and 192 ) 
and will be selected for physique and adaptability. 

Each camp has begun the instruction for Cavalry and 
Field Artillery, to which latter each camp will furnish 450 
men. The Field Artillery will be equipped from National 
Guard units detailed to the camps. The Coast Artillery 
has taken in all 1,425 officers for training at their stations. 

The camps have been or will be also called upon to furnish 
the needed quota of reserve officers for some of the divisions 
of the Staff Corps. 

214. Quartermasters. All authorizations for examination 
for original applications after April 12, 1917, have been dis- 
continued indefinitely, the Quartermaster Officers' Reserve 
Corps now having either commissioned, or under examina- 
tion for commission, more than the number of officers re- 
quired for the needs of the service. 

If examinations are again resumed, authorizations will 
probabty be confined to candidates for line commissions at 
the various reserve officers' training camps whose business 
qualifications and adaptability shown for quartermaster 
work during training period would seem to qualify them for 
commission in the Quartermaster Officers' Reserve Corps. 
Examining boards will be convened at the end of the train- 
ing period at each camp to determine the fitness and recom- 
mend from each training regiment those candidates qualified 
and who desire commissions as officers in the Quartermaster 
Officers' Reserve Corps with rank not higher than that of 



132 



The Army. 



captain for duty with troops in the various phases of ad- 
ministration, supply, finance, transportation, and construc- 
tion. The necessary prerequisites are ability to handle work- 
men and to administer the affairs of Quartermaster Corps 
working units. The boards will also recommend from each 
training regiment quartermasters with* a grade of captain, 
or lieutenant, for duty as commanders, or second t in com- 
mand, of motor- truck companies. Those recommended by 
each board will be arranged in relative order of their suit- 
ability, and note will be made of the particular class or 
classes of quartermaster duty for which they are suited. 

Those who desire to enter the Quartermaster Officers' Ee- 
serve Corps should make application for authority to attend 
the training camps with a view to commission in one of the 
line sections, Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, or Coast 
Artillery Corps. If successful in obtaining such a commis- 
sion, and showing special qualifications for Quartermaster 
Corps duties, they will be afforded an opportunity to appear 
before the boards referred to in paragraph 214. 

215. Engineers. Special camps of Army Engineers have 
been established (see map, page 251), and to these 150 men 
have been sent from each camp. No applications from 
civilians for admission to these camps will be considered, 
though men may be sent to them from the number of those 
already commissioned. 

Applications for Reserve Engineer Officers' commissions 
in excess of present needs have been received, and on June 20 
consideration of applications received after that date was 
suspended. To applications received before that date and not 
yet acted on, preference will be given in order of merit. 

The general nature of the work of the Engineer Corps was 
indicated under paragraph 208. It may be stated that many 
of the officers will be engaged upon construction work in 
France between the seaport and the Army's sphere of opera- 
tion. Some Reserve Engineer Officers have been assigned to 
duty under the Quartermaster's Department for the con- 
struction of cantonments. Others will officer the nine regi- 
ments now being organized as part of the National Army 
(see paragraph 247) for railroad construction and operation. 
Still others will officer the regiment of woodsmen and mill 
workers now being organized for work in France as part of 
the National Army (see paragraph 247). 



The Army. 



133 



216. Ordnance, For training for first lieutenants in the 
Ordnance Corps, 80 men were sent from each camp to prov- 
ing grounds for instruction in the machine guns (see para- 
graphs 209 and 210). 

217. Signal Corps. It is planned to send from each camp 
25 men every week to the Schools of Military Aeronautics 
(see map, page 251) for training in the groundwork of avi- 
ation. Men not over 25 years of age are preferred. 

THE SECOND SERIES OF OFFICERS' RESERVE CORPS TRAIXIXG 

CAMPS. 

218. Following the policy of commissioning officers on 
demonstrated worth, applications were received from June 
15 on till July 16 for a second series of Officers' Training 
Camps, which will be held beginning August 27, 1917. 

The locations, as revised July 30, are as follows: 



Divisional areas. 


Location. 


I, II, III 

IV 

V 

VI, VII 

VIII, IX 

X, XI 

XII, XV 

XIII, XIV 

XVI 


Plattslmrg Barracks, N. Y. 

Fort Niagara, N. Y. 

Fort Meyer, Va. 

Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 

Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind. 

Fort Sheridan, 111. 

Leon Springs, Tex. 

Fort Snelling, Minn. 

Presidio of San Francisco, Cal. 



This list supersedes that of map, page 251. 

219. Quotas of camps based on population. Each camp 
will have a quota equaling the population of the divisional 
area (Census Bureau estimate, 1915) multiplied by 0.00016. 
This will give to each divisional area about 1,000 men and 
will insure an equal basis of representation to each State in 
the Union according to population. 

220. Qualifications: 

The minimum age limit for all applicants is 20 years and 
9 months. However, in order to obtain the experienced class 
of men desired, preference was given to men over 31 years 
of age, other things being equal. 

Applications were received between June 15 and July 15, 
1917. Under no circumstances was an application con- 
sidered if received after July 16. 

106006°— 17 10 



134 



The Army. 



Shortly after July 16 Army examiners will visit various 
points, to be announced, in each State. Applicants selected 
for personal and physical examination will be notified to 
appear before the Regular Army examiner in person at a 
convenient point, for inquiry into his record, capacity, lead- 
ership, and qualifications in general, also for further physi- 
cal examination if deemed necessary by the examiner. 

After the personal and physical examinations are com- 
pleted, and as soon after August 1, 1917, as practicable (not 
later than Aug. 10) the accepted applicants will be notified 
when and where to go for the training course. 

221c Obligation. Accepted applicants, unless they are re- 
serve officers or members of the Regular Army or National 
Guard in Federal service, will be required to enlist for a 
period of three months, under section 54, National Defense 
Act, and will agree to accept such commission in the Army 
of the United States as may be tendered by the Secretary 
of War. The enlistment obligates one to service in the train- 
ing camp only. 

222. Appointments at close of camps. Age limits for 
commissions. Men will be classified and recommended for 
commissions on the basis of their qualifications as demon- 
strated during the training. Those eligible under the Offi- 
cers' Reserve Corps age limits (up to 32 for second lieuten- 
ant, 36 for first lieutenant, 40 for captain, and 45 for major) 
will be commissioned for five years in the Reserve Corps. 
However, these age limits will not govern all appointments, 
because under the act of May 18, 1917, these age limits 
do not apply to appointment for the war only. Accord- 
ingly, men qualified for commissions (except for the Re- 
serve Corps age limits) will be commissioned in the National 
Army for the war. In other words, a man of 40 may be 
commissioned a second lieutenant in this manner if recom- 
mended for that grade. 

223. Pay and expenses. The Government will pay the 
men in training $100 per month during the three months' 
course and will provide transportation, uniforms, and sub- 
sistence, except that Reserve Officers in training will receive 
the pay of their grades and will provide uniforms and sub- 
sistence at their own expense. 



The Army. 



135 



All accepted applicants are urged, however, to provide 
their own uniforms in advance as follows: One service hat; 
1 service coat, olive drab; 2 flannel shirts, olive drab; 2 
service breeches, olive drab; 1 pair canvas leggins; 1 pair 
marching shoes. 

The Government will provide all necessary arms and 
equipment, and the necessary drill regulations and other 
publications used in the course will be issued to accepted ap- 
plicants in the camps. 

224. Course of instruction. The training will cover a 
period of three months. For the first month the course tv ill 
be uniform for all, with the purpose of giving instruction 
in the duties common to all arms. At the end of a month 
the men will be divided, according to qualifications and 
needs of the service, into Infantry, Cavalry. Field and 
Coast Artillery for special instruction in their respective 
branches during the last two months. Candidates for Cav- 
alry commissions will be equipped and trained dismounted 
for service as Infantry. 

ENLISTED RESERVE CORPS. 

225. The Enlisted Reserve Corps is authorized by section 
55 of the National Defense Act, approved June 3, 1916, the 
purpose or object being to secure an additional reserve of 
enlisted men in the following special branches : Medical De- 
partment, Quartermaster Corps, Engineer Corps. Ordnance 
Department, and Signal Corps, who can be brought to the 
aid of the Government in time of national crisis. 

Requirements. Applicants must be citizens between 18 
and 45 years of age, physically and morally fit. Previous 
military training is not required. 

Duties. In time of peace enlistment is for four year?. 
Reservists must keep themselves physically fit and are liable 
to two weeks' military training a year. In time of war re- 
servists may be assigned to duty with units of the Kegular 
Army or formed into separate units. The enlistment be- 
comes subject to termination at the end of the present emer- 
gency. 

Up to July 1 about 16,000 men enlisted in all of the five 
sections of the corps. Enlistment up to the present au- 
thorized strength will be continued for the various sections 



136 



The Army. 



of the corps until the organization of the new National 
Army, about September 1, when the Enlisted Reserve Corps 
will be merged with the National Army. The Engineer regi- 
ments recruited as Enlisted Reserve Corps (see paragraphs 
215 and 247) have already been designated as units of the 
National Army. 

226. The Medical Department has employed enlisted men 
as the sanitary forces in base and field hospitals and in 
Ambulance Corps. (See paragraphs 152 and 153.) Applica- 
tions for enlistment made after June 14 were not received 
except for base hospital units when needed. Men desiring 
to serve in the Medical Department may enlist in the Regu- 
lar Army Medical Department at any recruiting station. 

227. The Quartermaster Enlisted Reserve Corps. See 
Quartermaster Officers' Reserve Corps, division 9 of the 
Officers' Reserve Corps, for details as to duties, etc. This 
corps differs from the Quartermaster Officers' Reserve Corps 
in that it is for enlisted men, corporals and sergeants; not 
for commissioned officers. The present authorized number 
of recruits is 15,993, and with the exceptions below noted 
the quota was practically complete on J uly 1. 

There is need of blacksmiths, saddlers, farriers, painters, 
teamsters, cooks, butchers. Especially needed are bakers. 
The motor organizations and the clerical positions are filled. 

228. Engineer Enlisted Reserve Corps. The engineer regi- 
ments now being recruited have been organized as the first 
corps in the National Army. 

229. Ordnance Enlisted Reserve Corps. No units have 
been organized in this corps, but the Ordnance Department 
has been authorized to recruit 1,000 men. 

Duties. The Ordnance Enlisted Reserve Corps requires 
men skilled in practically every trade and business, and 
military training as a soldier is not required before enlist- 
ment. The members of this section are required to perform 
the duties of their particular trade or business incident to 
furnishing troops with ordnance equipment, and are not 
required, except in emergency, to drill with rifles, perform 
guard duty, or other purely military duties which fall to the 
lot of soldiers of the Infantry, Cavalry, and other branches 
of the Army. The Ordnance Department may be likened to 



The Army. 



137 



a large business concern, reservists being required to handle 
the increased business resulting from war. 

Personnel and qualifications. If otherwise qualified, mar- 
ried men may be enlisted or reenlisted in the Enlisted Re- 
serve Corps without reference to higher authority unless 
the circumstances appear to be such as would probably result 
in application for discharge because of dependent relative 
should the man be ordered to active service with the Regular 
Army. 

Desirable persons qualified to fill the following-named 
positions will be enlisted in the Ordnance Enlisted Reserve 
Corps for the period of the war, unless sooner discharged by 
proper authority, and promoted to the higher grades as 
vacancies occur and the reservists' qualifications, education, 
and service justify. The positions are as follows: 



Armorers ( foremen ) . 

Armorers. 

Blacksmiths. 

Canvas workers. 

Carpenters (foremen). 

Carpenters. 

Chauffeurs. 

Checkers. 

Clerks. 

Cooks. 

Draftsmen (mechanical). 
Electrician.-; and helpers. 
Engineers (steam or gas). 
Firemen. 
Laborers. 

Machinists and helpers. 
Mechanics and helpers (automo- 
bile). 



Motorcycle mechanics. 
Overseers of labor. 
Oilers. 

Painters (foremen). 

Pa inters. 
Packers. 
Plumbers. 
Plumbers' helpers. 
Riveters. 

Saddlers ( foremen). 

Saddlers. 

Stenographers. 

Storekeepers. 

Tent makers. 
Textile workers. 
Typewriters. 
Watchmen. 
Wheelwrights. 



230. The Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps. This corps does 
not require as great technical knowledge as the Signal 
Officers' Reserve Corps (see paragraph 211). There is need 
in classes a and h for telegraphers, radio operators, experts 
in gas engines, experts in motor generators, motor-truck 
drivers, switchboard men, linemen, electricians, mechanics, 
and cooks. These men will be enlisted with grades vary- 
ing from master signal electricians to privates. (See para- 
graph 181 for pay.) 

For Aviation Section see paragraph 343. 



138 



The Army. 



Qualifications. The following are the general qualifica- 
tions requisite for enlistment in the Signal Enlisted Reserve 
Corps (sections a and o) : 

1. Master signal electrician: The applicant must be — 

(a) An expert telegrapher and have knowledge of the 
construction, operation, and maintenance of 
telegraph systems, primary and secondary bat- 
teries, and motor generators, or — 

(h) An expert radio operator and have knowledge of 
radio apparatus. 

(c) Have knowledge of the construction, operation, 

and maintenance of telephone systems, switch- 
boards, location of troubles, repairs, primary 
and secondary batteries, motor generators, or — 

(d) Possess such qualities as would fit him to act as 

senior noncommissioned officer of a company of 
signal troops, to act as a leader. 

2. Sergeant, first-class: The applicant must be — 

(a) An expert telegrapher and have knowledge of 

the operation and maintenance of telegraph 
s}^stems and batteries, or — 

(b) An expert radio operator and have knowledge of 

radio apparatus, or — 

(c) Have knowledge of telephone systems, switch- 

boards, batteries, locating and correcting faults, 
etc., or — 

(d) Possess such qualities as would fit him to act as 

leader of a platoon of a company of signal 
troops. 

3. Sergeants and corporals : The applicant must have gen- 

eral knowledge of the subjects given under b, or 
possess such qualities as would fit him to act as a 
leader of a platoon or section of a company of signal 
troops. 

4. Private, first-class and private. The applicant must 

show an interest in the subjects mentioned, be com- 
petent, keen, and possess such qualities as will insure 
that he will develop along the proper lines in training. 
Examination. Applicants for enlistment as master signal 
electricians and sergeants, first-class, will be given an oral 
examination. Applicants for enlistment in the other grades 



The Army. 



139 



will demonstrate to the officer designated to obtain recruits 
that they have the necessary qualifications. 

THE NATIONAL GUARD. 

231. Purpose. The National Guard is organized by States 
for interior State protection in times of peace. It is subject 
to call for special service, or to draft by the Federal authori- 
ties, under the National Defense Act of June 3, 1916. 

The guard is armed, uniformed, and equipped by the 
Federal Government from funds appropriated by Congress 
for that purpose, and allotted each year to the different 
States on the basis of the number of men in the National 
Guard organized in the States on the 30th day of June. 

232. Federal service. When drafted into Federal service 
the guard becomes part of the armed forces of the United 
States, and while in service is outside the control of States 
and receives the same pay and allowances as that of the 
officers and enlisted men of similar grade in the Regular 
Army, and is subject to the same laws, regulations, and 
discipline as the Regular Army. The guard is organized 
on the model of the Regular Army and maintains all 
branches of the service save aviation. Men qualified for 
aviation are sent to the signal-reserve camp at San Diego, 
Cal.j and on completing their training receive reserve com- 
missions. This training for Guardsmen has for the present 
been discontinued. 

233. Personnel. On June 30 there were 111,900 men of 
National Guard organizations in Federal service, and 
191,019 yet to be drafted in, with a reserve of 4,443. Those 
troops not yet in Federal service were to be drafted into Fed- 
eral service on July 15, July 25, and August 5. 

Before service overseas the guard will receive intensive 
training in 10 tented camps in the Southeastern and Southern 
Departments. (See map, page 251.) 

234. Assignments of National Guard divisions to their va- 
rious cantonments superseding the list on map, page 251, 
have been completed by the War Department as follows : 

To Charlotte. N. C. (Camp Greene), division 5. from the States of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
Connecticut ; to be called into Federal service on July 25. 



140 



The Army. 



To Spartanburg, S. C. (Camp Wadsworth) , division 6, from the 
State of New York ; to be called into Federal service on July 15. 

To Augusta, Ga. (Camp Hancock), division 7, from the State of 
Pennsylvania ; to be called into Federal service on July 15. 

To Anniston, Ala. (Camp McClellan), division 8, from the States 
of Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and the District of 
Columbia ; to be called into Federal service on July 25. 

To Greenville, S. C. (Camp Sevier), division 9, from the States of 
Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina ; to be called into 
Federal service on July 25. 

To Macon, Ga. (Camp Wheeler), division 10, from the States of 
Alabama, Georgia, and Florida ; to be called into Federal service on 
August 5. 

To Waco, Tex. (Camp McArthur), division 11, from the States of 
Wisconsin and Michigan ; to be called July 15. 

To Houston, Tex. (Camp Logan), division 12, from the State of 
Illinois ; to be called July 25. 

To Deming, N. Mex. (Camp Cody), division 13, from the States of 
North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, and Minnesota ; to be 
called July 15. 

To Fort Sill, Okla. (Camp Doniphan), division 14, from the States 
of Kansas and Missouri ; to be called August 5. 

To Fort Worth, Tex. (Camp Bowie), division 15, from the States 
of Texas and Oklahoma ; to be called August 5. 

To Montgomery, Ala. (Camp Sheridan), division 16, from the 
States of Ohio and West Virginia ; to be called July 15. 

To Hattiesburg, Miss. (Camp Shelby), division 17, from the States 
of Indiana and Kentucky ; to be called August 5. 

To Alexandria, La. (Camp Beauregard), division 18, from the 
States of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana ; to be called August 5. 

To Linda Vista, Cal. (Camp Kearny), division 19, from the States 
of California, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico ; to 
be called August 5. 

To Palo Alto, Cal. (Camp Freemont), division 20, from the States 
of Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming; to be called 
on July 25. 

THE NATIONAL ARMY. 

235. Composition. The National Army, which will fur- 
nish the largest fighting force of the United States in the 
present war, is to be composed of young men, strong, alert, 
competent. It will be representative of our entire citizen- 
ship, and in its selection and training will give to all equal 
opportunity to serve and to command. The men who com- 
pose it will be within the ages of 21 and 30. They must be 
almost perfect physically and must be taken from those 
groups upon whose trained skill the country does not de- 



The Army. 



141 



pend for its continued ability to support itself and the allies 
and the armies in the field. 

236. Registration. On June 5, 1917, men within the ages 
named registered throughout the Nation. Estimates had 
been made of the number of registrations to be expected and 
the results showed a discrepancy of 4.1 per cent. The ap- 
parent shortage, about 413,000, is considerably less than the 
number of men 21 to 30 years of age, inclusive, who are 
estimated by the War Department to have been in the 
various branches of the military and naval services of the 
United States on June 5, and for that reason exempt from 
the requirement of registration. This number is 600,000. 
On the face of these figures, therefore, it appears that the 
number of men between the ages of 21 and 31 in the United 
States is slightly in excess of the number estimated by the 
Census Bureau on May 12 — 10,079,000. The returns of reg- 
istration available on June 25 are as follows: 



United States. 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

' District of Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 



Total 
registra- 
tion. 



9,659.382 



179, 828 

36,932 
147, 522 
297,532 

83,038 
159,761 

21,864 

32,327 

84, 683 
231,418 

41, 150 
672, 498 
255,145 
216,594 
150, 029 
187,573 
157, 827 

60, 176 
120,458 
359, 323 
372,872 
221,715 
139,525 
299, 625 

88, 273 
118,123 

11,821 

37, 642 
302,742 

32, 202 
,054,302 
200,032 

65,007 
565,384 
169, 211 

62,618 
830,507 

53, 415 



Per cent 
of 

estimate. 



85.7 
106.4 
94.2 
82.2 
75.8 
129.3 
10S.8 
87.1 
88.9 
90.6 
79.4 
105. 2 
100.6 
108.8 
85.3 
92.8 
92.3 
95.5 
99.1 
101.1 
129.4 
90.6 
79.7 
94.9 
120.4 
91.3 
71.6 
102.3 
100.8 
77.6 
90.4 
102.9 
73.0 
114.4 
79.3 
57.9 
95.0 
88.7 



Unnatural- 
ized 
Germans. 



111,823 



193 
98 
3,948 
372 
1,126 
92 
79 
208 
120 
181 
6,051 
1,149 
1,862 
736 



216 
120 
912 
1,508 
3,021 
1,971 
45 
1,008 
687 
1,156 
87 
79 
4,956 
108 
30,870 
73 
615 
6,189 
219 
577 
12,674 
126 



142 



The Army. 





Total 
registra- 
tion. 


Per cent 
of 

estimate. 


Unnatural- 
ized 
Germans. 




128, 039 
58,014 
187,611 

41,952 
27, 658 
181, 826 
108,330 
127,409 
240, 170 
22,848 
85 
6,001 


93.4 
72.1 
96.2 

90.8 
94.1 
97.5 
49.8 
90.0 
104.6 
64.5 


28 
484 
85 

1 CQA 
1, oot 

344 
72 
179 
791 
1,003 
23,121 
329 
2 


South Dakota 


Tennessee 




Utah 


Vermont 


Virginia 


Washington '. 




Wisconsin 




National Parts 













Of the 9,659,38*2 registrants reported, 7,347,794 are white 
citizens; 953,899 are colored citizens; 1,239,865 are unnat- 
uralized foreigners from countries other than German}*; 
111,823 are unnaturalized Germans, including "declarants" — 
that is, persons having declared their intention to become 
citizens but not having received their final naturalization 
papers; and 6,001 are Indians. 

There is nothing m the returns to indicate that there has 
been any general attempt at evasion of registration by any 
important element of the population. 

On July 5 registration took place in the Territories of 
Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii, but no returns are as yet 
available (July 20). 

237. Allotment and selection. The act for the temporary 
increase of the Military Establishment, approved May 18, 
1917, provided that — 

Quotas for the several States, Territories, and the District of 
Columbia, or subdivisions thereof, shall be determined in proportion 
to the population thereof, and credit shall be given to any State, Ter- 
ritory, District, or subdivision thereof, for the number of men who 
were in the military service of the United States as members of the 
National Guard on April first, nineteen hundred and seventeen, or who 
have since said date entered the military service of the United States 
from any such State, Territory, District, or subdivision, either as 
members of the Regular Army or the National Guard. (Sec. 2.) 

The rules and regulations prescribed by the President for 
local and district boards, promulgated July 2, further states 
that— 

The quotas to be called and furnished by the respective local boards 
shall be determined in accordance with said act of Congress and regu- 



The Army. 



143 



lations to be hereafter prescribed by the President. The President 
will cause the quotas for the several States, Territories, and the Dis- 
trict of Columbia to be determined and notice thereof to be communi- 
cated to the governor of each State and Territory and to the Com- 
missioners of the District of Columbia. The governor of each State 
and Territory and the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 
acting for and by the direction of the President, shall thereupon, in 
accordance with regulations to be hereafter prescribed by the Presi- 
dent, determine the quotas to be called and furnished by the several 
local boards within such State, Territory, or District from the persons 
whose registration cards are w T ithin the jurisdiction of the respective 
local boards therein, and shall communicate notice thereof to each 
local board within such State, Territory, or District. ( Sec. 13. ) 

The number to be called and the quotas for the individual 
States are as follows: 

Net quota. 



United States GST, 000 



Alabama 13. 612 

Arizona 3, 472 

Arkansas 10, 267 

California 23, 060 

Colorado 4, 753 

Connecticut 10, 977 

Delaware. 1. 202 

District of Columbia 929 

Florida 6, 325 

Georgia 18, 337 

Idaho 2, 2S7 

Illinois 51, 653 

Indiana 17, 510 

Iowa 12, 749 

Kansas 6. 439 

Kentucky 14, 236 

Louisiana 13, 582 

Maine 1, 821 

Maryland 7, 096 

Massachusetts 20. 586 

Michigan 30. 291 

Minnesota 17, 854 

Mississippi 10, 801 

Missouri 18, 660 

Montana 7, S72 

Nebraska 8, 185 

Nevada 1, 051 

New Hampshire 1. 204 

New Jersey 20, 665 

New Mexico 2, 292 



144 The Army. 

Net quota. 

New York 69, 241 

North Carolina 15, 974 

North Dakota : 5, 606 

Ohio 38, 773 

Oklahoma 15, 564 

Oregon 717 

Pennsylvania 60, 859 

Rhode Island 1, 801 

South Carolina 10, 081 

South Dakota 2, 717 

Tennessee 14, 528 

Texas 30, 545 

Utah 2, 370 

Vermont _ 1, 049 

Virginia 1 13, 795 

Washington 7, 296 

West Virginia — 9, 101 

Wisconsin___ 12, 876 

Wyoming ' 810 

Alaska— 696 

£[awaii_ 000 

Porto Rico 12, 833 



Selection. The local boards (see below) gave to each 
man registered a number beginning in every area with 1 and 
disregarding alphabetical sequence. These numbers were 
transmitted to the office of the Provost Marshal General at 
Washington. Numbers representing the number of men 
enrolled in the largest local area were placed in a lottery. 
On July 20 at Washington, in the presence of high officials 
of the Government, the order in which each man in every 
local area is to be called for examination was determined by 
drawing these numbers from the lottery and listing them in 
the order drawn. 

238. Examination. The men selected will be called to 
appear before boards for examination and for further de- 
termination of their status. On the basis of the law of May 
18 the President promulgated on July 2 regulations govern- 
ing these boards and at the same time made the following 
statement: 

The regulations which I am to-day causing to be promulgated, 
pursuant to the direction of the selective service law, cover the re- 
maining steps of the plan for calling into the service of the United 
States qualified men from those who have registered ; those selected 
as the result of this process to constitute, with the Regular Army, 
the National Guard, and the Navy, the fighting forces of the Nation, 



The Army. 



145 



all of which forces are, under the terms of the law, placed in a posi- 
tion of equal right, dignity, and responsibility with the members of 
all other military forces. 

The regulations have been drawn with a view to the needs and 
circumstances of the whole country and provide a system which it 
is expected will work with the least inequality and personal hardship. 
Any system of selecting men for military service, whether voluntary 
or involuntary in its operation, necessarily selects some men to 
bear the burden of danger and sacrifice for the whole Nation. The 
system here provided places all men of military age upon an even, 
plane, and then, by a selection which neither favors the one nor 
penalizes the other, calls out the requisite number for service. 

The successful operation of this law and of these regulations de- 
pends necessarily upon the loyalty, patriotism, and justice of the 
members of the boards to whom its operation is committed, and I 
admonish every member of every local board and of every district 
board of review that their duty to their country requires an impartial 
and fearless performance of the delicate and difficult duties intrusted 
to them. They should remember as to each individual case presented 
to them that they are called upon to adjudicate the most sacred rights 
of the individual and to preserve untarnished the honor of the Nation. 

Our armies at the front will be strengthened and sustained if they 
be composed of men free from any sense of injustice in their mode 
of selection, and they will be inspired to loftier efforts in behalf of 
a country in which the citizens called upon to perform high public 
functions perform them with justice, fearlessness, and impartiality. 

The regulations fill a closely printed book of 84 pages, but, 
stated in brief, they provide that there should be a local 
exemption board for each county of 45,000 population and 
each city of 30,000, with an additional board for each 30,000 
population. These boards consisted of three persons ap- 
pointed by the President, and one member was a physician. 
These local boards on being organized took over all registra- 
tion cards, numbered them serially without regard to alpha- 
betical order, transmitted copies to the State adjutant gen- 
eral and prepared lists for posting, for the press, and the 
Provost Marshal General in Washington. 

As soon as the allotted number had been selected and the 
local board had the list of those under its control arranged 
in the order of liability for service, the local boards sum- 
moned in order the men whose names are on their lists as 
liable to service to appear for physical examination. From 
five to seven days' notice was given. Those found physi- 
cally deficient will be reexamined, and if the physicians or 
the board disagree on the findings they will be held qualified 



146 



The Ar?ny. 



and reexamined by the surgeons of the Army. Persons 
outside the area of their local boards must file, on or before 
the tenth day after notice to appear is sent to them, applica- 
tion for examination by another board. 

239. Exemptions. The following persons or classes of 
persons, if called for service by a local board and not dis- 
charged as physically deficient, will be exempted by such 
local board upon a claim for exemption being made and 
filed by or in respect of any such person, and substantiated 
in the opinion of the local board, and a certificate of abso- 
lute, conditional, or temporary exemption, as the case may 
require, shall be issued to any such person. 

The claim to be exempted must be made by such person, 
or by some other person in respect of him, on a form pre- 
pared by the Provost Marshal General and furnished by the 
local boards for that purpose. Such claim must be filed 
with the local board which notified such person that he is 
called for service on or before the seventh day after the 
mailing by the local board of the notice required to be given 
such person of his having been called for service. 

The statement on the registration card of any such person 
that exemption is claimed shall not he construed or consid- 
ered as the presentation of a claim for exemption. 

(a) Officers of the United States and of the several States, 
Territories, and the District of Columbia. — Officers, legis- 
lative, executive, and judicial, of the United States, the 
several States, Territories, and the District of Columbia. 
The word " officers " shall be construed for the purpose of 
said act of Congress and these rules and regulations to mean 
any person holding a legislative, executive, or judicial office 
created by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or 
of any of the several States or Territories. 

(b) Ministers of religion. — Any regular or duly ordained 
minister of religion. 

(c) Students of divinity. — Any person who on the 18th 
day of May, 1917, was a student preparing for the ministry 
in any recognized theological or divinity school. 

(d) Persons in the military or naval service of the United 
States. — Any person in the military or naval service of the 
United States. 



The Army. 



147 



(e) Subjects of Germany residing in the United States. — 
Any person who is a subject of Germany, whether such 
person has or has not declared his intention to become a citi- 
zen of the United States. 

(/) All other resident aliens v:ho have not taken out their 
first payers. — Any person who is a resident alien ; that is, a 
citizen or subject of any foreign state or nation other than 
Germany who shall not haye declared his intention to be- 
come a citizen of the United States. 

240. Discharge. The following persons or classes of per- 
sons shall, if called for seryice by any local board, and not 
discharged as physically deficient or exempted in accordance 
with the regulations hereinbefore prescribed, be discharged 
by such local board upon a claim for discharge being made 
and filed by or in respect of any such person, and substan- 
tiated in the opinion of the local board, and a certificate of 
absolute, conditional, or temporary discharge, as the case 
may require, issued to any such person. 

The claim to be discharged must be made by such person, 
or by some other person in respect of such person, on a form 
prepared by the Provost Marshal General and furnished by 
the local boards for that purpose. Such claim must be filed 
with the local board on or before the seventh day after the 
mailing by the local board of the notice required to be given 
such person of his having been called for service. 

The statement on the registration card of any person that 
discharge is dimmed shall not be construed or considered as 
the presentation of a claim for discharge. 

(a) County and municipal officers. 

(b) Customhouse clerks. 

(c) Persons employed by the United States in the trans- 
mission of the mails. 

(d) Artificers and workmen employed in the armories, 
arsenals, and navy yards of the United States. 

(e) Persons employed in the service of the United States 
designated by the President to be exempted. — Any person 
employed in the service of the United States, upon presenta- 
tion to such local board at any time within 10 days after the 
filing of a claim of discharge by or in respect of such person, 
of an affidavit signed by the official of the Government of the 
United States having direct supervision and control of the 



-148 



The Army. 



department, commission, board, bureau, division, or branch ' 
of the Government of the United States in which such person 
is employed stating that such person is, in his opinion, neces- 
sary to the adequate and effective operation of such depart- 
ment, commission, board, bureau, division, or branch in the 
service of the United States and can not be replaced by 
another person without substantial material loss in the ade- 
quate and effective operation of said department, commission, 
board, bureau, division, or branch in the service of the United 
States. 

In the case of a person employed in the legislative or 
judicial branch of the Government the affidavit may be signed 
by the official under whom such person serves. 

(/) Pilots. 

(g) Mariners actually employed in the sea service of any 
citizen or merchant within the United States. 

(h) Those in a status with respect to persons dependent 
upon them which renders their exclusion or discharge de- 
sirable. 

1. Any married man whose wife or child is dependent 
upon his labor for support, upon presentation to such local 
board, at any time within 10 days after the filing of a claim 
for his discharge by such married man, of an affidavit signed 
by him giving his name, age, and place of residence; the 
name and place of residence of his wife; the name (s), 
age(s), and place of residence of his child or children (if 
any) ; and stating that he is a married man, the husband of 
said wife, the father of her child or children ; that such wife, 
child, or children is (are) dependent upon his labor for sup- 
port as the term " labor " is used in these rules and regula- 
tions; that his income from which such wife and child or 
children received such support was mainly the fruit of his 
mental or physical labor, and was not mainly derived from 
property or other sources, independent of his mental or 
physical labor. (Details of procedure follow in printed 
regulations. ) 

2. Any son of a widow, dependent upon his labor for 
support. 

3. Son of aged or infirm parents, dependent upon his labor 
for support. 



The Army. 



149 



4. Father of a motherless child or children under 10 years 
of age, dependent upon his labor for support. 

5. Brother of a child or children under 16 years of age, 
who has (have) neither father nor brother, and is (are) 
dependent upon his labor for support. 

(i) Any person who is found by such- local board to be a 
member of any well-recognized religious sect or organization 
organized and existing' May 18, 1917, and whose then exist- 
ing creed or principles forbid its members to participate in 
war in any form, and to hose religious convictions are against 
war or participation therein in accordance with the creed or 
principles of said religious organization. (Sec. 20, in part.) 

In addition, persons convicted of a felony will be dis- 
charged. (Sec. 21.) 

Local boards will issue cards of exemption or discharge. 

241. Exclusiorts and discharges by the disiHct boards. 
District boards of at least five members each will be appointed 
by the President for each Federal judicial district (with cer- 
tain territorial exceptions). 

District boards have exclusive original jurisdiction, in 
respect of any person whose name has been certified to a 
district board as called by a local board within its jurisdic- 
tion and who has not been exempted or discharged, to hear 
and determine all question or claims for including or exclud- 
ing or discharging any such person arising under the follow- 
ing provision of said act of Congress authorizing the Presi- 
dent to exclude or discharge persons engaged in industries, 
including agriculture, found to be necessary to the mainte- 
nance of the Military Establishment, or the effective opera- 
tion of the military forces, or the maintenance of national 
interest during the emergency. 

A claim for discharge under this provision of said act of 
Congress may be filed with a district board by, or in respect 
of, any person whose name has been certified to the district 
board by a local board within the jurisdiction of such dis- 
trict board as one called for service by such local board and 
not exempted or discharged. 

Any such claim for discharge must be filed with the dis- 
trict board on a form provided by the Provost Marshal 
General and supplied by district boards and local boards for 
that purpose on or before the fifth clay after the mailing by 

106006° — IT 11 



150 



The Army. 



a local board of notice to such person that his name has been 
certified to such district board as called for service and not 
exempted or discharged. 

The statement on the registration card of any such person 
that exemption or discharge is claimed shall not he con- 
strued or considered; as the presentation of a claim for dis- 
charge. 

Such a claim may be filed by or in respect of any such per- 
son on any of the following grounds: 

1. That he is actually engaged in a particular, designated, 
industrial enterprise, or in a particular, designated, agricul- 
tural enterprise necessary to the maintenance of the Military 
Establishment ; that his continuance therein is necessary to 
the maintenance thereof, and that he can not be replaced by 
another person without direct substantial material loss and 
detriment to the adequate and effective operation of the 
enterprise in which he is engaged. 

2. That he is actually engaged in a particular, designated, 
industrial enterprise, or in a particular, designated, agricul- 
tural enterprise necessary to the effective operation of the 
military forces ; that his continuance therein is necessary to 
the maintenance thereof, and that he can not be replaced by 
another person without direct substantial material loss and 
detriment to the adequate and effective operation of the 
enterprise in which he is engaged. 

3. That he is actually engaged in a particular, designated, 
industrial enterprise, or in a particular, designated, agricul- 
tural enterprise necessary to the maintenance of national 
interest during the emergency ; that his continuance therein 
is necessary to the maintenance thereof, and that he can not 
be replaced by another person without direct substantial 
material loss and detriment to the adequate and effective 
operation of the enterprise in which he is engaged. 

The word " necessary " as used in said act of Congress shall 
be construed and held to mean that the discontinuance of, 
or serious interruption in, the particular, designated, in- 
dustrial enterprise, or the particular, designated, agricultural 
enterprise in which the person is engaged would result in 
substantial material loss and detriment to the adequate and 
effective maintenance of the Military Establishment, or the 



The Army. 



151 



adequate and effective operation of the military forces, or 
the maintenance of national interest during the emergency . 

The word " necessary " as used in the phrase " that his 
continuance therein is necessary to the maintenance thereof " 
in these regulations shall be construed and held to mean 
that the withdrawal of the labor or service of such person 
would directly result in substantial material loss and detri- 
ment to the adequate and effective operation of the particu- 
lar, designated, industrial enterprise or particular, desig- 
nated, agricultural enterprise in which such person is en- 
gaged. 

Affidavits in support of or in opposition to any such claim 
shall be filed within five days after the filing of a claim for 
discharge by or in respect of any such person. 

The words of the act " persons engaged in industries, in- 
cluding agriculture," shall not be construed and held to 
mean that a person engaged in a particular industrial enter- 
prise or particular agricultural enterprise in entitled to be 
discharged by reason of the fact that such class of industry, 
taken as a whole, or agriculture, taken in its entirety, is 
necessary to the maintenance of the Military Establishment 
or the effective operation of the military forces or the mainte- 
nance of national interest during the emergency. (Sec. 44, 
in part.) 

The district boards will issue cards of discharge for the 
cases coming under their control. 

242. District hoards and appeals. To the district boards 
all the local boards will furnish lists of men accepted or ex- 
empted or discharged. Appeals for a status different from 
that established by the local boards may be carried to the 
district boards for final decision, and the Government may 
make appeals from the local board decisions to the district 
board. 

The provision for appeals by or on behalf of individuals 
is as follows : 

An appeal may be taken by or in respect of any person called for 
service by any local board from the final decision of such local board, 
disposing of a claim for exemption or discharge, to the district board 
Baring jurisdiction in the area in which such local board is located. 

The person called, or the person who filed the claim for exemption 
or discharge in respect of such person, must file with such local board 
a claim of appeal, if an appeal is taken, on a form prepared by the 



152 



The Army. 



Provost Marshal General and furnished by the local boards for that 
purpose and must give notice of the filing of such claim of appeal to 
the district board having jurisdiction on a form prepared by the 
Provost Marshal General and furnished by the local boards for that 
purpose. 

Any such claim of appeal and the notice thereof must be filed and 
given within 10 days after the mailing of a notice to such person and 
to the person who filed the claim of exemption or discharge in respect 
of such person that the claim of exemption or discharge is denied. 

Upon such claim of appeal being filed with the local board it shall 
be the duty of such local board, if it has not already done so, to for- 
ward to the district board having jurisdiction all affidavits and 
records in connection with the claim filed by such person or in respect 
of such person for exemption or discharge. 

No appeal can be taken, or can be allowed to be taken, by order of 
any local board or district board from any order or decision of any 
local board, except from the final decision on a claim of exemption 
or discharge filed by or in respect of a person called by a local 
board for service. (Sec. 26, in part.) 

The findings of the district board will be indicated by 
the card issued whether it be for service, exemption, or 

discharge. 

243. The Presidents power. The President may affirm, 
modify, or reverse any decision of a district board. 

244. Limitations of exemptions, exclusions , and discharges. 
When the causes no longer exist because of which the rul- 
ings of the local or district boards were made the findings 
of these boards will be subject to reconsideration. 

245. Continuation of the local and district hoards. The 
local and district boards Avill continue to perform such duties 
as are necessary in. connection with the determination of the 
men subject to service in the National Army. 

THE PREPARATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL ARMY. 

246. For each of the 16 divisional areas in the United 
States, based on population, there will be built a great wooden 
city, where the National Army will be quartered until it is 
trained. The Regular Army is stationed at training quar- 
ters throughout the States, and the National Guard at 16 
camps located in the Southeastern and Southern Depart- 
ments. (For location of National Army cantonments and 
National Guard tented camps see map, page 251.) 



The Army. 



153 



The names and locations of the National Guard camps 
are given in paragraph 234. Those of the National Army 
contonments are as follows : 

Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass. 

Camp Upton, Yaphank, Long Island, N. Y. 

Camp Dix, WTightstown, N. J. 

Camp Meade, Annapolis Junction, Md. 

Camp Lee, Petersburg, Ya. 

Camp Jackson, Columbia, S. C. 

Camp Gordon, Atlanta, Ga. 

Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio. 

Camp Taylor, Louisville, Ky. 

Camp Custer, Battle Creek, Mich. 

Camp Grant, Rockford, 111. 

Camp Pike, Little Rock, Ark. 

Camp Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa. 

Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kans. 

Camp Travis, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 

Camp Lewis, American Lake, Wash. 

For the sections which these cantonments serve see the 
map. 

In all, about 1,000,000 men will have to be housed and fed 
in quarters not standing three months ago. The gigantic 
nature of the task becomes clearer when one realizes 
that each cantonment will require 25,000.000 feet of 
lumber, 7,500 doors, 37,000 window sashes, 4,665 casks of 
Portland cement, and 5,000 yards of broken stone. The 
water supply of a cantonment will be 2,500,000 gallons 
a day. It will have its own sewerage system, fire de- 
partment, bakeries, ice plants, and hospitals. It will even 
require a gigantic steam-heating plant. Sixteen cities, each 
with a population of 40,000, well cared for — that is the 
task. 

Actual construction work at each of the 16 cantonments to 
be erected for the new National Army will be in charge of an 
officer of the Quartermaster Corps, either Regular or Re- 
serve, to be known as the constructing quartermaster. Under 
him will be an assistant quartermaster. 

The constructing quartermaster will be in full charge at 
each cantonment, directing the laying out of the buildings 
and supervising for the Government the entire work of con- 
struction as carried on by the contractor. 



154 



The Army. 



The position of constructing quartermaster is a most im- 
portant one as the contracts are being executed on a cost plus 
percentage basis, which makes it necessary that the quarter- 
master should keep a very close watch on all the operations 
of the contractor. It will be his task, too, to facilitate the 
work in every way possible, so that the cantonments may be 
completed expeditiously and at a minimum of expense. 

The personnel of the contracting quartermasters includes 
a number of well-known civilian engineers who have been 
given major's commissions in the Quartermaster's Reserve 
Corps. In addition, several officers of the Regular Army 
Quartermaster's Corps are acting in executive capacity. 

Orders have gone to the governors of 15 States to muster 
into the Federal service 16 companies of engineers of the 
National Guard, who will be assigned to do the preliminary 
engineering work on the sixteen sites for cantonments for 
the National Army, one company to a cantonment. 

One company each has been ordered from Massachusetts, 
New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, 
Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Mississippi, Iowa, Kansas, 
Texas, and California and two companies from New Jersey. 

The first work of each company will be to plot out the 
site chosen for the cantonment, to prepare preliminary plans 
showing the contractor where sewers, water pipes, wires, 
roads, regimental camps, and all necessary buildings and 
other works are to be placed. 

The supplies that have been ordered reach figures that 
seem too great for credence until one places over against 
them 1,000,000 men and their needs for a year. A few in- 
stances will suffice. Orders have been placed for 5,000,000 
blankets, 6,000,000 shoes, and 11,191,000 light woolen 
stockings. 

Enormous orders for all types of ammunition have been 
placed. In 1915 the appropriation for small arms was 
$875,000. In 1917 it is $148,500,000. 

247. Units already formed. Nine regiments of railroad 
engineers and one regiment of woodsmen and mill workers 
have been organized as units of the National Army, and 
other special forces may be authorized before the general 
call is issued which will bring the 500,000 men of the first 
increment into training at the cantonments. 



The Army. 



155 



WELFARE OF THE CAMPS. 

THE COMMISSION ON TRAINING CAMP ACTIVITIES. 

248. Camp health and morals. The officials and officers of 
the Army and the Navy are determined to do everything in 
their power to provide training conditions for our forces 
which will not endanger their health or moral welfare. The 
Surgeons General of the Army, Navy, and Public Health 
Service are all united in their efforts to effect this result. 

249. Army camps. This is evidenced for the Army by the 
following sections of the Army bill : 

Sections from the Army Bill (H. R. 3545) Approved by the 
President May 18, 1917. 

Sec. 12. That the President of the United States, as the Commander 
in Chief of the Army, is authorized to make such regulations govern- 
ing the prohibition of alcoholic liquors in or near military camps and 
to the officers and enlisted men of the Army as he may from time to 
time deem necessary or advisable : Provided, That no person, cor- 
poration, partnership, or association shall sell, supply, or have in his 
or its possession any intoxicating or spirituous liquors at any mili- 
tary station, cantonment, camp, fort, post, officers' or enlisted men's 
club which is being used at the time for military purposes under 
this act, but the Secretary of War may make regulations permitting 
the sale and use of intoxicating liquors for medicinal purposes. If 
shall be unlawful to sell any intoxicating liquor, including beer, ale, or 
wine, to any officer or member of the military forces while in uniform, 
except as herein provided. Any person, corporation, partnership, or 
association violating the provisions of this section or the regulations 
made thereunder shall, unless otherwise punishable under the Articles 
of War, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be punished by a fine 
of not more than $1,000 or imprisonment for not more than twelve 
months, or both. 

Sec. 13. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized, em- 
powered, and directed during the present war to do everything by 
him deemed necessary to suppress and prevent the keeping or setting 
up of houses of ill fame, brothels, or bawdy houses within such dis- 
tance as he may deem needful of any military camp, station, fort, 
post, cantonment, training, or mobilization place, and any person, 
corporation, partnership, or association receiving or permitting to be 
received for immoral purposes any person into any place, structure, 
or building used for the purpose of lewdness, assignation, or prostitu- 
tion within such distance of said places as may be designated, or shall 
permit any such person to remain for immoral purposes in any such 
place, structure, or building as aforesaid, or who shall violate any 



156 



The Array. 



order, rule,, or regulation issued to carry out the object and purpose 
of this section shall, unless otherwise punishable under the Articles 
of War, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be punished by a fine 
of not more than $1,000, or imprisonment for not more than twelve 
months, or both. 

250. Navy camps. Secretary Daniels has already stated 
that the Department of the Navy would leave nothing un- 
done to protect the health and morals of the men under his 
control. (See paragraph 273.) 

251. Personnel of the commission. To render these inten- 
tions effective a Commission on Training Camp Activities has 
been appointed by the Secretary of War, with the following 
personnel : Raymond B. Fosdick, chairman ; Lee F. Hanmer, 
Thomas J. Howells, Joseph Lee, Malcolm L. McBride, John 
E. Mott, Charles P. Neill, Maj. P. E. Pierce (United States 
Army), Joseph E. Raycroft. 

Mr. Fosdick has also been appointed by Secretary Daniels 
as chairman of the Naval Commission on Training Activities. 
(See paragraph 273.) 

252. Purpose. In announcing the creation of this commis- 
sion Secretary Baker addressed to the governors of the States 
and the chairmen of the State Councils of Defense a letter 
from which the following statements are taken : 

In the training camps already established or soon to be established 
large bodies of men, selected primarily from the youth of the country, 
will be gathered together for a period of intensive discipline and 
training. The greater proportion of this force probably will be made 
up of young men who have not yet become accustomed to contact 
with either the saloon or the prostitute, and who will be at that 
plastic and generous period of life when their service to their country 
should be surrounded by safeguards against temptations to which 
they are not accustomed. 

Our responsibility in this matter is not open to question. We can 
not allow these young men, most of whom will have been drafted 
to service, to be surrounded by a vicious and demoralizing environ- 
ment, nor can we leave anything undone which will protect them 
from unhealthy influences and crude forms of temptation. Not only 
have we an inescapable responsibility in this matter to the families 
and communities from which these young men are selected but from 
the standpoint of our duty and our determination to create an 
efficient army we are bound as a military necessity to do everything 
in our power to promote the health and conserve the vitality of the 
men in the training camps. 



The Army. 



157 



I am determined that our new training camps, as well as the sur- 
rounding zones within an effective radius, shall not be places of 
temptation and peril. The amendments to the Army bill recently 
passed (see paragraph 249) give the War Department more authority 
in this matter than we previously possessed. On the other hand, we 
are not going to be able to obtain the conditions necessary to the 
health and vitality of our soldiers without the full cooperation of the 
local authorities in the cities and towns near which our camps are 
located or through which our soldiers will be passing in transit to 
other points. 

As I say, the War Department intends to do its full part in these 
matters, but we expect the cooperation and support of the local Com- 
munities. If the desired end can not otherwise be achieved, I propose 
to move the camps from those neighborhoods in which clean condi- 
tions can not be secured. 

In this connection lot me call your attention to the Commission on 
Training Camp Activities, which I have organized to advise with me 
on questions relating to the moral hazards in cur training centers, as 
well as to the promotion of rational recreation facilities within and 
without the camps. 

The Commission on Training Camp Activities is a direc- 
tive and coordinating agency for all the forces working to 
make the camp life physically and morally wholesome. 
Among the important organizations already advising the 
commission are the Playground and Eecreation Association 
of America, Boston, Mass.; the American Social Hygiene 
Association, 105 West Fortieth Street, New York City; 
Bureau of Soeial Hygiene, 01 Broadway, New York City; 
Committee of Fifteen, Chicago, 111. ; Committee of Fourteen, 
New York City; the Y. M. C. A.; Y. M. H. A.; Y. W. C. A. 
(see paragraph 28) ; Knights of Columbus: and representa- 
tives of the great religious bodies in the Nation (see Chap- 
lains, paragraphs 52 to 54, inclusive; for R. O. T. Camps, 
see paragraph 51). 

The Surgeon General of the Army and Public Health 
Bureau and the General Medical Board of the Advisory 
Commission of the Council of National Defense are also 
cooperating with the commission. 

253. Camp recreation. Mr. Fosdick purposes to clear up 
camp communities and fill the camps with recreation oppor- 
tunities. He says: 

Too many of the evils surrounding camp life in the past are trace- 
able to the lack of adequate amusement and rational recreation for 
the soldier. Our commission does not intend to attempt to apply 



158 



The Army. 



impracticable, idealistic standards. We shall be dealing with a fine 
lot of healthy, red-blooded men, and we must have healthy, red- 
blooded forms of recreation. My point is that there must be plenty 
of it to absorb the surplus energies of the soldiers in their hours of 
relaxation. In connection with the work, therefore, but under the 
direct control of the Army, is the promotion of athletic sports and 
games such as are now carried on in England under the Aldershot 
plan and promoted to a large extent in Canada. Briefly, these games 
are built up on the inter-unit system, their idea being to develop the 
competitive instinct in the soldier. Boxing, wrestling, bayonet exer- 
cise^ and all forms of hard, physieal games are followed. Everybody 
must take part. Squads compete with squads, companies with com- 
panies, regiments with regiments, brigades with brigades, and divi- 
sions with divisions. 

A member of the British mission recently in Washington, Col. 
Goodwin, told me that these games, which had been encouraged, in 
fact, enforced, by the army officials in France, were one of the great 
influences in keeping men sane and balanced behind the lines. 

In addition to the recreational activities inside the camps, 
the commission will provide in the communities near the 
camps swimming pools, moving-picture shows, pool rooms, 
dance halls, and other forms of entertainment, 

THE Y. BE. C. A. 

254. Work in European camps. The Y. M. C. A. has been 
active from the beginning of the war in the camps in 
Europe, and it plans now to continue that work with a per- 
sonnel chosen from the countries which the camps represent. 
Information may be obtained only from the European office 
of the Y. M. C. A., room 304, International Council Build- 
ing, "No. 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, New York City. 

255. Work in National Army and naval training camps. In 
cooperation with Mr. Fosdick's committee the Y. M. C. A. 
plans to work in the great camps to be established in 
this country: 

It is proposed to erect about 200 association buildings in the Army 
camps throughout the country, each building to serve a brigade, and 
to have a staff of five secretaries. The buildings will provide large 
meeting rooms for moving-picture entertainments and concerts, cor- 
respondence facilities, rooms for educational classes, also games, 
pianos, and phonographs. The buildings will be available for other 
religious services as well as for services under the direction of 
Protestant chaplains. 



The Army. 



159 



256. Budget. The Y. M C. A. has succeeded in raising its 
$3,000,000 budget needed for its war work. But the asso- 
ciation estimates that its work for the armies will cost 
$5,000,000 a year. Two millions of the sum raised have 
already been cabled abroad for immediate use in London 
and Paris centers. It is, therefore, evident that funds will 
be needed continually if the work is not to suffer, and con- 
tributions will be more than welcome. 

257. Personnel. The secretaries for this service are to be 
sought among the present employed officers of the North 
American Associations, ministers, professional and business 
men, upper-class students of colleges, theological and other 
professional schools, who qualify on the highest physical, 
educational, and social standards, who show leadership for 
work of this kind and have the qualifications. Where 
necessary, men will be given special preparation f or 
the w T ork before being assigned to definite responsibility. 
Special effort will be made to have the association secretaries 
work in close cooperation with the Arm}' and Xavy chap- 
lains. 

258. Application. Those interested in this service should 
apply to the Bureau of Personnel, Association War Work 
Council, 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, Xcav York City. 

Each candidate is expected to register his application in 
writing, using the regular war-work information blank. 
The application should be accompanied by a recent photo- 
graph. His references will be investigated, and, if found 
satisfactory, a personal interview (when practical) will be 
arranged with a representative of the candidate committee. 
If approved, his name is given to the executive committee 
with recommendations as to the type of work for which he 
is best qualified. If inexperienced in association work he 
is registered for the special course of training. 

259. Work with the American forces abroad. With every 
5,000 soldiers sent abroad, the Y. M. C. A. will send one sec- 
retary and equipment for a camp building, including an au- 
tomobile, an auto truck, a large marquee, books, writing 
materials, games, candies, etc. Huts will be established close 
to the firing lines, with refreshment for wounded troops, 
who will be assisted to the Red Cross ambulances by 
Y. M. C. A. men whenever possible. 



160 



The Array. 



THE Y. W. C. A. 

260. The camp work of the T. W. C. A. is described in 
paragraph 28. 

THE KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS AND CATHOLIC WOMEN'S WAR BELIEF. 

261. Recreation centers. A fund of $1,000,000 is being 
raised by the great organization for practical Catholic men, 
the Knights of Columbus, for establishing at the camps of 
the National Army, and possibly at the other Army camps, 
buildings for recreation which will be open to all soldiers 
without consideration of belief. The work is in charge of 
James A. Flaherty, Supreme Knight, New Haven, Conn. 
Contributions should be made paj^able to " Knights of Co- 
lumbus War Fund," Supreme Secretary, Drawer 96, New 
Haven, Conn. 

Catholic Women's War Relief. The furnishing of the 
camp buildings has been undertaken by the Catholic 
Women's War Eelief. Eev. Lewis J. O'Hern, C. S. P., 
St. Paul's College, Brookland, D. C, who represents the 
hierarchy in the appointment of chaplains by the Govern- 
ment and in training-camp activities, is chairman of the 
War Belief Committee, and all inquiries should be addressed 
to him. 

THE Y. M. H. A. 

262. The Jewish work in the camps will be undertaken in 
part in cooperation with the Y. M. C. A., but a special war 
council, under the chairmanship of Mr. S. A. Goldsmith, 31 
Union Square, New York City, is perfecting detailed plans 
for the active helpfulness of the various Jewish organiza- 
tions. 

CAMP LIBSAEIES. 

263. The American Library Association has been asked by 
the Commission on Training Camp Activities to furnish 
public-library facilities to the cantonments and National 
Guard training camps and has agreed to undertake this 
service. 

Mr. J. I. Wyer, jr., director New York State Library, 
Albany, N. Y 6? who is chairman of the Library War Service 



The Army. 



161 



Committee of the American Library Association, is also 
chairman of the Committee on Camp Libraries. 

264. The committee' 1 s program seeks to supply thoroughly 
modern public-library facilities for ail soldiers in training. 
This service will be furnished through separate library 
buildings in all the principal camps and cantonments and 
by the utilization of Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, and 
ether similar buildings as branch distributing agencies in 
the larger camps and as the only or principal distribution 
points in the smaller camps. 

265. Budget. The committee has undertaken to secure the 
funds for the erection of 32 library buildings, which may cost 
$320,000, and the purchase of the necessary books for stock- 
ing these libraries with 10,000 volumes each at a possible 
expense of $300,000. 

The committee also requires funds for incidental expenses, 
to meet which the committee solicits funds either as single 
gifts or on the monthly payment basis. Send subscriptions 
to Frank P. Hill, chairman, Committee on Finance, 26 Bre- 
voort Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

The committee will also issue an appeal for gifts of books 
and magazines, to be sent to local libraries for sorting and 
forwarding when the proposed library buildings are erected. 

DRAMATIC AMUSEMENTS. 

266. Several of the largest theatrical producers have un- 
dertaken to organize theatrical entertainments for the 
camps. Many well-known actors have donated their services 
or agreed to serve at salaries much lower than the} 7 at pres- 
ent command. (See also paragraph 33.) 

COLLEGE CLUB FOR TROOPS ABROAD. 

267. The establishment in Paris of a home club for 
American college men or their friends who may be in the 
French capital for military or other service in the cause 
of the allies is contemplated by the American University 
Union in Europe, which has just been organized in this 
country. The privileges of the club will include information 
bureau, writing and newspaper room, library, dining room, 
bedrooms, baths, social features, medical advice, etc. The 



162 



The Army. 



union also expects to provide 'headquarters for the various 
bureaus already established or to be established in France 
by representative American universities, colleges, and tech- 
nical schools. It will cooperate with these bureaus when es- 
tablished, and in their absence to aid institutions, parents, 
or friends in securing information about college men in all 
forms of war service, reporting on casualties, visiting the 
sick and wounded, etc. 

The University Union will have its headquarters in Paris, 
with branch agencies in London and such other cities in 
allied countries as may seem desirable. Its office in America 
will be in or near New York City. 

The board of trustees consists of Dr. Anson Stokes, of 
Yale, chairman; President Hutchins, of the University of 
Michigan, vice chairman; Mr. Roger Pierce, of Harvard, 
honorary secretary; Mr. Henry Thompson, of Princeton, 
honorary treasurer; President Goodnow, of Johns Hopkins; 
President Finley, Commissioner of Education of the State 
of New York; and Mr. John Sherman Hoyt. Mr. Hoyt was 
appointed a member, in accordance with the constitution, 
by the chairman of the International Army and Navy 
Y. M. C. A. 

The executive committee consists of Prof. Nettleton, of 
Yale ; Prof. Lansing, of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
nology ; and three or five others to be elected by the trustees. 

The advisory council will consist of the presidents of 
the Paris alumni associations or duly chosen representatives 
of the following colleges: Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, 
Harvard, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Massachu- 
setts Institute of Technology, Williams, and Yale. The 
President of the United States, the President of France, the 
Secretaries of War and Navy of the United States, the 
American ambassadors to France and Great Britain, the 
general commanding the American troops in France, and 
other persons of distinction may be invited to become hon- 
orary patrons to the union. 

Membership in the union is restricted to colleges in the 
United States giving degrees recognized by the committee 
on admissions of the New York University Club, to clubs 
of college men, and to any person contributing $100 or 
more to the work of the union, who shall be enrolled as a 
sustaining member for one year. 



THE NAVY. 



268. Naval units* The various naval units now existing 
in addition to those of the Regular Navy are the Naval Re- 
serve Force, the Marine Corps, the Marine Corps Reserve, 
the Naval Militia, and the Coast Guard. All of these are 
rapidly being called into active service in connection with 
the full mobilization of the Navy. 

269. Personnel of the United States Navy. The total en- 
listed strength of the Navy on July 23 was 135,234 men. 
Since the declaration of war 57,898 men have enlisted. The 
number of enrolled men in the Navy has been more than dou- 
bled since March 1. In addition to this large number, about 
35,000 enlisted in the Naval Reserve Force and 10,000 Na- 
tional Naval Volunteers (Naval Militia in Federal service). 
Additional recruits are desired, however, to raise the total 
enlistment in the Navy to 150,000, as authorized by law. 
Besides the men for duty in the seaman branch, the Navy 
needs men for service in special branches, such as artificers, 
yeomen, electricians, the commissary, hospital corps, aero- 
nautics, and the like, to be selected on a basis of previous 
experience or of special aptitude. See paragraphs 278 to 
285, inclusive.) The principal need of the Navy is for radio 
electricians, machinists, firemen, and cooks. Bakers, musi- 
cians, yeomen, clerks, carpenters, coppersmiths, boiler mak- 
ers, shipwrights, blacksmiths, painters, pharmacists, and 
ship fitters can also find employment in the Navy. 

270. New training camps. To provide for the many new 
recruits, a large number of new training camps are being 
built. Work on the new training camps for naval recruits 
and reserves is being rapidly rushed to completion. Several 
large camps have already been completed, others will be fin- 
ished shortly, and several more will be ready for occupancy 
early in August. Including the camps for the Marine Corps, 
quarters will be provided for more than 80,000 men, and the 
approximate cost will be $9,000,000. 

163 



164 



The Navy. 



Camps have been completed, are now in course of con- 
struction, or will soon be begun, at the following points : 

Philadelphia, Pa., for 5,000 men ; completed. , 
Newport, R. I., for 6,000 men ; completed about July 1. 
Gape May, N. J., for 2,000 men ; will be completed about August 1. 
Philadelphia, Pa., for 5,000 men; completed. 
Pensacola, Fla., for 1.000 additional men ; completed. 
Key West, Fla., for 500 men ; in course of construction. 
Mare Island, Gal., for 5,000 men; in course of construction. 
Puget Sound, Wash., for 5,000 men; work begun. 
Hingham, Mass., for 500 men ; completed about July 1. 
New Orleans, La., for 500 men ; completed about July 1. 
San Diego, Cal., for 2,500 men ; completed about July 1. 
Great Lakes Training Station, Chicago, 111. ; accommodations for 
15,000 additional recruits. 

In addition a number of small camps have been con- 
structed. 

The camp at Port Royal, S. C, for 5,000 men of the 
Marine Corps is practically completed, and the construction 
of the Marine Corps camp at Quantico, Ya., providing for 
8,000 men is well under way. 

Preparations are being made for the erection of buildings 
at the Hampton Roads Naval Operating Base that will pro- 
vide accommodations for 10,000 men. 

Arrangements have also been made to take over the Mis- 
sissippi exposition grounds at Gulf port, Miss., which, with 
the erection of barracks and other temporary buildings, will 
provide for about 3,500 men. 

In Brooklyn, N. Y., a camp for 3,000 regulars will be built 
adjoining the navy yard and a camp near Pelham, N. Y., for 
5,000 reserves. 

THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 

271. Information about enlistment. Navy recruiting sta- 
tions are located in all the larger cities and many of the 
smaller ones. 

Information regarding enlistment in the Navy, and the 
address of the nearest recruiting office will be furnished 
promptly upon request received at either the Bureau of Navi- 
gation, Navy Department, Washington, D. C, or the Navy 
Publicity Bureau, 318 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, 
N. Y. 



The Navy. 



165 



Additional and complete information is given in the illus- 
trated booklet entitled " The United States Navy," published 
by the Navy and given free upon request at any station. 

272. Requirements for enlistment. An applicant for en- 
listment must be an American citizen, native or fully nat- 
uralized, and must be able to read and write English. He 
must be between 17 and 30 years of age, and if under 20 he 
must present an age certificate. Applicants under 18 must 
furnish the written consent of parent or guardian, to be filled 
out on a separate blank, which is supplied on request. In 
addition they must have the special permission of the Bureau 
of Navigation. On the application blank each applicant must 
state that he believes himself to be physically qualified to 
perform the duties of the rating to which he may be as- 
signed ; that he is of good habits and character ; and that he 
has never deserted from any branch of the military service. 
An applicant must appear personally at a navy recruiting 
station or navy yard, and there be examined as to his quali- 
fications for enlistment. The term for enlistment is four 
years, except for boys under 18, who enlist to serve during 
their minority. 

273. Training camp welfare. Secretary of the Navy 
Daniels has announced the appointment of an advisory com- 
mittee on the improvement and welfare of the men in the 
training camps and stations of the Navy and Marine Corps, 
to be called the Naval Commission on Training Activities. 
In the regular and reserve corps of the Navy and Marine 
Corps there have been recently added about 114,000 men, 
and the majority of these recruits are very young men and 
boys who have come from sheltered homes in America. In 
announcing the appointment of the commission, Secretary 
Daniels made the following statement : 

I believe that their welfare and their training in good surroundings 
is a matter of the highest importance, and every effort is being made 
to secure the very best moral environment for the young men in all 
the training camps and stations. To this end, I have asked the co- 
operation of the authorities in the States where these young men are 
at present located and have requested a committee of men and women 
who have taken deep interest in the physical and moral welfare of 
young men to cooperate. 

I am glad to say that a commission of men and women, all of 
whom have rendered important service and have special fitness to 
106006°— 17 12 



166 



The Navy. 



give advice in this important work, have accepted and have enlisted 
as volunteers in the effort to make conditions as near ideal for the 
enlisted personnel as possible. At my request, Mr. Raymond B. 
Fosdick will be chairman of the commission. Mr. Fosdick has been 
appointed in like capacity by Secretary Baker on Army camps. In 
order to secure the most hearty cooperation for each arm of the 
service, I deemed it best to secure Mr. Fosdick to be chairman of the 
naval committee as well as of that of the Army. 

The committee is composed of Raymond B. Fosdick, chair- 
man ; Walter Camp, New Haven, Conn. ; Barton Myers, Nor- 
folk, Va. ; Joseph Lee, Boston, Mass.; John J. Egan 
Atlanta, Ga. ; Selah Chamberlain, San Francisco, Cal. ; Clif- 
ford W. Barnes, Lake Forest, Hi.; Charles P. Neili, Wash- 
ington, D. C. ; E. T. Meredith, Des Moines, Iowa ; John S. 
Tichnor, secretary Army and Navy Y. M. C. A., New York; 
Lieut. Richard E. Byrd, United States Navy ; Mrs. Finley J. 
Shepard, New York ; Mrs. Daisy McLaurin Stevens, Hatties- 
bnrg, Miss.; and Mrs. Helen Ring Robinson, Denver, Colo. 

For an account of the commission's work in Army camps 
see paragraphs 248 and following. 

274. Naval training. After enlisting, a man under 25, not 
skilled in any trade (see below), is enrolled as apprentice 
seaman and is sworn in. He is then sent to one of the training 
stations at Norfolk, Ya. ; Newport, R. I. ; Great Lakes, 111. ; 
San Francisco, Cal. ; or to one of the many new training 
camps. (See paragraph 270.) His training at these stations 
includes drills, duty, and study periods, but besides these, he 
is given an opportunity to work in the technical naval trades, 
such as signaling, wireless, music, hospital work, etc., and if 
he shows special aptitude he is assigned to a class for a course 
of instruction and later he may be assigned to one of the 
naval trade schools. After the apprentice seaman has com- 
pleted his course of instruction he is examined, and if he is 
found qualified he is advanced in rating and is transferred 
to sea. 

275. Rates of pay. When a man enlists he is immediately 
placed upon the pay roll, but an apprentice seaman does not 
draw all his pay for any month during the training period. 
This is given him when he completes his course of instruc- 
tion; thereafter he draws all the pay due him each month. 
The pay of an apprentice seaman is $32.60 a month during 
the period of the war and for six months thereafter. The 



The Navy. 



167 



first raise in the seaman branch is to $35.90, and this advance 
usually comes before the recruits are sent to sea. The next 
advance, after assignment to general service, is to the rank 
of seaman at $38.40. A seaman is eligible for advancement 
to third-class petty officer at $41 and so on to chief petty 
officer at $83 with permanent appointment. Pay in the ar- 
tificer class ranges from $36.20 to $83 a month, and for 
yeomen, musicians, Hospital Corps, and commissary branch 
from $32.60 to $83 a month. Further allowances are made 
for special duties. 

276. Savings, death benefits, etc. As transportation is 
paid and a complete outfit is provided free for every recruit, 
the man has very few expenses and may deposit his savings 
with the Navy paymaster, or have the money paid to his 
family at home, by Government check or money order. Pay 
continues through sickness, and men who die in the service 
from wounds or disease not the result of their own miscon- 
duct have an amount equal to six months of their wages (or 
one year's for those in aviation duty) paid immediately to 
their widows, children, or other dependent relatives pre- 
viously designated by them. For plans as to life and acci- 
dent insurance for men in the naval service see para- 
graph 182. 

277. Advancement and commissions. The next grade above 
that of chief petty officer (see above) is warrant officer with 
pay ranging from $1,500 to $2,400 a year. After six years' 
service, a warrant officer becomes a commissioned chief in 
a definite grade, and after further service he receives the 
pay and allowances of a lieutenant, junior grade, and later 
of lieutenant. Furthermore, since June, 1914, appointment 
as midshipmen to the Naval Academy is open to an enlisted 
man under 20 years of age who has been in the Navy at least 
one year at the time of appointment and who can pass the 
examination. After four years' training he is appointed 
eiiiign, with pay of $1,700 a year. 

Examinations for commission. In addition to this pro- 
cedure for obtaining a commission, permission is frequently 
granted enlisted men to take the examination for appoint- 
ment to a commission in either the Navy or the Marine 
Corps. 



168 



The Navy. 



SPECIAL TRAINING AND SERVICE. 

278. Artificers. The artificer school is located at Norfolk, 
Va.j and is composed of classes for shipwrights, ship fitters, 
blacksmiths, and painters, Men with previous experience or 
special recommendation from their commanding officers are 
received for instruction. The course requires three months 
and includes, besides technical training, lectures relative to 
naval usage, etc, Men who already possess a mechanical 
trade may be enlisted for duty in that trade, even if over 25, 
provided they are under 35 years of age. 

279. Yeomen. This branch performs the clerical work of 
the Navy, and some previous clerical experience is necessary. 
Enlistments will be made when vacancies occur. The yeo- 
man schools are located at Newport, R. I., and San Fran- 
cisco, CaL The schools are divided into five classes, the pre- 
liminary class and four departments of work: (a) The 
supply officer department; (b) the executive officer depart- 
ment; (c) the pay officer department; (d) the commanding 
officer's department. Each of these classes requires five 
weeks. The pay for yeomen ranges from $32.60 to $83 a 
month. All recruits in this branch must enlist as landsman- 
for-yeoman. 

280. Hospital Corps. The work of the Hospital Corps 
consists of attendance upon the sick of the Navy and 
Marine Corps in naval hospitals, naval shore stations, on 
board ships, and upon the expeditions of the Marine Corps. 
Previous training is not essential, but a knowledge of nurs- 
ing is advantageous, and men with technical experience and 
general education may more definitely expect continuous 
advancement. Training schools are located at Newport, 
R. I., and at San Francisco, Cal. The training consists of 
three weeks' general military instruction, a course in the 
hospital school, and further practical instruction in a naval 
hospital. The work is not specialized, but particular abili- 
ties of any man are fostered. Advancement is possible 
from the lowest enlisted rating of hospital apprentice, sec- 
ond class, to the rank of pharmacist, who is a warrant 
officer. The pay for men in the Hospital Corps ranges from 
$35.90 for hospital apprentices, second class (recruits 
$17.60), to $77 a month for chief pharmacist's mate. Men 



The Navy. 



169 



may present themselves for enlistment at any Navy recruit- 
ing station, navy yard, or naval station. At present only 
125 men a month may be enlisted and they must enlist as 
hospital apprentice, second class, or first class. 

281. Electrical branch. This branch is divided into general 
electricians and radio electricians. The physical and moral 
qualifications required for entrance to other branches of the 
naval service apply here, and in addition the applicant for 
general electrician must be an electrician by trade, and the 
applicant for radio electrician must be a competent Morse 
code operator (i. e., must receive about 20 words a minute) 
and must pass an examination in penmanship, spelling, and 
arithmetic. In addition to this, men holding commercial 
radio licenses and who can pass an examination may be 
enlisted as electrician, third class (radio), and then undergo 
the regular . course of instruction. The schools are located 
at the Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Mare Island, Cal. 
The course comprises 8 months of instruction. Applicants 
must be between 18 and 25 years old, and are enlisted as 
landsman-for-electrician. The pay ranges from $32. GO to 
$83 a month. 

282. Commissary department. Applicants for enlistment 
in this section must have some experience in the work for 
which they apply whether as cooks, bakers, or stewards. 
They receive a six months' training in the school at San 
Francisco, Cal., or Newport, R. I., and are at first enlisted as 
landsman-for-ship's-cook or as landsman-for-baker. The 
age limit on first enlistment is 18 to 25 years. The pay 
ranges from $32.60 to $83 a month. 

283. Paymasters. The Navy Pay Officers' School is in 
Washington, D. C. The course of instruction covers all 
duties performed by an assistant paymaster at sea and 
includes military instruction. The student officers are grad- 
uates of the Naval Academy or of distinguished military 
colleges or successful candidates in a competitive exami- 
nation. 

284. Submarine service. Congress has authorized an in- 
crease in submarines. Recruits for machinist's mate are 
especially wanted. The requirements for enlistment are a 
knowledge of machine-shop tools and bench work and of 
the parts of marine engines and boilers. The pay in this 



170 



The Navy. 



branch is exceptionally high, since there are many addi- 
tional payments for special service. Pay for machinist's 
mates, second class, is $52 a month, and for machinist's mates, 
first class, $66.50. Chief machinist's mates receive $83. All 
qualified submarine men receive a special allowance of $5 a 
month, besides $1 a day for each day the vessel submerges, 
not to exceed $15 a month. Advancement is rapid with 
appropriate increases in pay. Information can be obtained 
and enlistment made at the submarine base at New London, 
Conn. 

285. Aeronautic service. Training in the aeronautic school 
is open only to selected enlisted men and to men who enlist 
for aviation duty. The station is at Pensacola, Fla. (For 
further information, see section on aeronautics, paragraphs 
346 to 349, inclusive.) 

UNITED STATES NAVAL HESESVE FQUCE. 

286. General statement. The Naval Reserve, Force was 
authorized by the act of August 29, 1916. A brief description 
of each of the six classes is given below, and detailed in- 
formation will be supplied on application to the com- 
mandant of the nearest naval district. A list of the com- 
mandants and their addresses is also given in paragraph 
295. Applicants should address their communications to the 
nearest. 

All members of the Naval Reserve Force, except the Naval 
Auxiliary Reserve, must be citizens of the United States. 
Members of the Naval Auxiliary Reserve must be citizens of 
the United States or its insular possessions. All persons 
applying for enrollment in the Naval Reserve Force must 
furnish satisfactory evidence as to character and ability. 

Members of the Naval Reserve Force are not required to 
perform any active service in time of peace but may be 
assigned to duty at their own request. However, they 
are obligated to serve through a war or national emergency, 
and no members of the Naval Reserve Force will be eligible 
for confirmation in rank or rating until the completion of 
not less than three months' active service. 

All members of the Naval Reserve Force, except the Fleet 
Naval Reserve, enroll in a provisional rank or rating and 



The Navy. 



171 



their retainer pay commences from the date of their enroll- 
ment. 

The retainer pay of all members of the Naval Reserve 
Force, except the Fleet Naval Reserve, is $12 per annum 
until members have been confirmed in their rank or rating. 
After confirmation in rank or rating the retainer pay is as 
noted in each class below. 

The maximum active service in time of peace allowed any 
member of the Naval Reserve Force is three months per year. 
This active service may be taken at the election of the mem- 
ber, but must be in periods of not less than three weeks at any 
one time. 

For members of the Fleet Naval Reserve the minimum 
amount of active service allowed at any one time is one 
month. 

Members of the Naval Auxiliary Reserve perform no ac- 
tive service except in time of war. 

Owners and operators of power boats suitable for Govern- 
ment purposes may be enrolled in the Naval Coast Defense 
Reserve, and the Secretary of the Navy is authorized to enter 
into contract with owners to take over their boats in time of 
war upon payment of a reasonable indemnity. 

287. The Fleet Naval Reserve. A reserve composed en- 
tirely of ex-service officers and men whose last service with 
the Navy terminated honorably. 

The personnel of this reserve will be ordered to active duty 
at sea. 

Officers and men are enrolled in the rank or rating last 
held in the Navy. 

The retainer pay per year of officers in the Fleet Naval 
- Reserve is two months' base pay of the corresponding rank in 
the Navy. 

Active-service pay is in addition to retainer pay and is the 
full pay of the corresponding rank in the Navy of the same 
length of naval service. 

The retainer pay of enlisted men is as follows : Less than 
8 years' service, $50 per annum; less than 12 j^ears' service. 
$72 per annum ; 12 or more years' service, $100 per annum. 

Active-service pay is in addition to retainer pay and is the 
full pay of the corresponding rating in the Navy of the same 
length of naval service. 



172 



The Navy. 



The retainer pay of each member of the Fleet Naval Re- 
serve is increased 25 per cent on each re-enrollment, provided 
the member has completed not less than three months' active 
service during the last term of enrollment and re-enrolls 
within four months of date of termination of last enroll- 
ment. 

288. The Naval Reserve. This is a reserve composed of ex- 
merchant marine officers and men. 

The personnel of this reserve will be ordered to duty on 
naval and auxiliary vessels. 

In order to be eligible for enrollment as an officer the ap- 
plicant must have had not less than two years' experience as 
a watch officer (deck or engineer) on a lake or ocean going 
vessel. 

In order to be eligible for enrollment in an enlisted rating 
in this class the applicant must present credentials to show 
the rating in which he has served in the merchant service. 

The retainer pay of officers of the Naval Reserve is two 
months' base pay of the corresponding rank in the Navy. 

The retainer pay of enlisted men in the Naval Reserve is 
two months' base pay of the corresponding rating in the 
Navy. 

Active-service pay is in addition to retainer and is the full 
pay of the corresponding rank or rating in the Navy of the 
same length of naval service. 

The retainer pay of each member of the Naval Reserve is 
increased 25 per cent on each re-enrollment, provided the 
member has performed not less than three months' active 
service with the Navy during the last term of enrollment, 
and re-enrolls within four months of the date of termination 
of last enrollment. 

289. The Naval Auxiliary Reserve. This class of the re- 
serve is composed of officers and men serving on board ves- 
sels of the United States merchant marine listed by the Navy 
Department as desirable auxiliaries and to be taken over as 
such in time of war. 

The personnel of this reserve will serve on vessels on 
which serving when called into active service. As a rule 
they will not be transferred to any other vessel except in case 
of emergency. 



The Navy. 



173 



The retainer pay of officers of the Naval Auxiliary Reserve 
is one month's base pay of the corresponding rank in the 
Navjr. 

Active-service pay is in addition to retainer pay and is 
the full pay of the corresponding rank in the Navy of the 
same length of naval service, 

The retainer pay of enlisted men in the Naval Auxiliary 
Reserve is two months' base pay of the corresponding rating 
in the Navy. 

Active-service pay is in addition to retainer pay and is 
the full pay of the corresponding rating in the Navy of the 
same length of naval service. 

The retainer pay of each member of the Naval Auxiliary 
Reserve is increased 25 per cent on each reenrollment within 
four months from the date of the expiration of the last term 
of enrollment. 

290. The Naval Coast Defense Reserve offers an oppor- 
tunity to citizens of all ages who are capable of special 
useful service to the Navy, or in connection with the Navy 
in defense of the coast. Owners and operators of yachts 
and motor-power boats suitable for naval purposes in defense 
of the coast may be enrolled in this class and have their 
boats taken over upon payment of a reasonable indemnity. 
(See below, paragraph 291.) 

Personnel. The personnel of this class is as follows: 

(a) Officers (provisional) must have ability, experience, 
and special qualifications for important duties in naval 
districts and must furnish evidence as to ability, character, 
and citizenship. They must pass professional and physical 
examinations for provisional rank. 

(h) Officers (confirmed). After three months' active 
service an officer may be confirmed in his provisional rank 
by passing professional and physical examinations. 

(e) Men (provisional) must be capable of performing 
useful service with coast-defense vessels, torpedo craft, 
mining vessels, patrol vessels, or as radio operators, etc., 
and must give evidence as to ability, character, and citizen- 
ship. They must qualify physically. 

(d) Men (confirmed). After three months' service a 
man may be confirmed in his provisional rating by passing 
an examination. 



174 



The Navy. 



In addition to the above, men are wanted with experi- 
ence in administration and accounts, wireless, signaling, 
telegraphy, electrical work, navigation, shopwork, gas- 
engine practice, running motor boats, engine rooms, etc. 

Pay^ etc, When actively employed, either under pro- 
visional or confirmed rank or rating, the pay of officers and 
men is the same as that of officers and men in the Navy of 
corresponding rank and with the same length of naval serv- 
ice. The following retainer pay is given in addition, and 
may be waived by enrolling in the Volunteer Naval Reserve. 
(See paragraph 293.) 

(a) Officers (provisional), $12. 

(h) Officers (confirmed) , two months' base pay of the 
corresponding rank in the Navy. 

(c) Men (provisional), $12. 

(d) Men (confirmed), two months' base pay of the corre- 
sponding rank in the Navy. 

In addition a uniform gratuity is given, as follows : 

Officers, in peace time, $50 ; in war time, $150. 

Men, in peace time, $30 ; in war time, $60. 

291. The patrol squadron. This section of the Naval 
Coast Defense Reserve is planned as a defense of the coast 
and harbors against the operations of submarines or raiders, 
by a patrol of armed motor boats. Boats of the following 
kinds are desired : 

Type A, sloio : Sufficiently seaworthy to maintain station 
in harbor in moderate gale ; speed not less than 7 knots ; able 
to mount one 1-pounder R, F. gun and one machine gun. 

Type A, fast: Able to keep sea in moderate gale; length 
not less than 40 feet; speed not less than 16 knots; able to 
mount one 1-pounder R. F. gun and one machine gun ; to be 
self-sustaining for four men for four days. 

Type Bj slow: Able to keep sea in moderate gale; length 
not less than 60 feet; speed not less than 10 knots; able to 
mount one anti-aircraft gun, not less than one 3-pounder 
R. F. and two machine guns. To be self-sustaining for eight 
men for five days; to be equipped with radio and search- 
light. 



The Navy. 



175 



Type B, fast: Able to keep sea in moderate gale; length 
not less than GO feet; speed not less than 16 knots; able to 
mount one anti-aircraft gun, not less than one 3 -pounder 
R. F. and at least two machine guns. To be self-sustaining 
for eight men for five days; to be equipped with radio and 
searchlight. 

Owners or operators of these boats may be enrolled for 
service on their own boats under general qualifications of the 
Naval Coast Defense Reserve, or may offer their boats to the 
Government and receive an idemnity. 

292. The Naval Reserve Flying Corps. This is open to 
qualified aviators or persons skilled in the design or building 
of aircraft. In order to be eligible for enrollment in this 
class of the Naval Reserve Force the applicant must be 
capable of handling aircraft alone and must be able to 
navigate the air. 

The personnel of this reserve will be ordered to duty at 
sea or on shore where aviators are necessary. 

The retainer pay of enlisted men of the Naval Reserve 
Flying Corps is two months' base pay of the corresponding 
rating in the Navy. 

Active-service pay is in addition to retainer pay and is the 
full pay of the corresponding rank or rating in the Navy of 
the same length of naval service and the member is entitled 
to the same increases in pay as members of the Naval Flying 
Corps. 

The retainer pay of each member of the Naval Reserve 
Flying Corps is increased 25 per cent upon each reenrollment 
within four months of the date of expiration of the last term 
of enrollment provided he has performed not less than three 
months' active service during the last term of enrollment. 

• 293. The Volunteer Naval Reserve. The members of this 
class of the Naval Reserve Force must necessarily be eligible 
for one of the other classes, the only difference in their status 
being that they serve without retainer pay and without uni- 
form gratuity in time of peace. 

294. Women. Women may also render service in the 
Naval Reserve as telephone switchboard operators, nurses, 
and yeomen. 



176 



The Navy. 



295. Application. Address application for all classes of 
service to the nearest office mentioned below (see map, page 
252) : 

Commandant of the First Naval District, Navy Yard, Bos- 
ton, Mass. 

The first naval district includes the States of Maine, 
New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. 
Commandant of the Second Naval District, Naval Training 
Station, Newport, E. I. 

The second naval district includes the State of Rhode 
Island and that part of the State of Connecticut north 
of New London and east of Norwich. 
Commandant of the Third Naval District, Navy Yard, New 
York. 

The third naval district includes that portion of the 
State of Connecticut not included in the second naval 
district and the State of New York east of a line from 
Elmira and north through Syracuse to the Canadian 
border, and that part of the State of New Jersey 
north of Barnegat Inlet. 
Commandant of the Fourth Naval District, Navy Yard, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

The fourth naval district includes the States of Penn- 
sylvania and Delaware and New Jersey south of Bar- 
negat Inlet. 

Commandant of the Fifth Naval District, Citizens Bank 
Building, Norfolk, Va. 

The fifth naval district includes the States of Maryland, 
Virginia, West Virginia, and the State of North Caro- 
lina north of a line due west from Little River Inlet. 
Commandant of the Sixth Naval District, Navy Yard, Char- 
leston, S. C. 

The sixth naval district includes the States of Georgia 
and South Carolina and that portion of North Caro- 
lina south of a line drawn due west from Little River 
Inlet ; also that portion of the State of Florida north 
of a line southeast from J acksonville to St. Augustine. 



The Navy. 



177 



Commandant of the Seventh Naval District, Naval Station, 
Key West, Fla. 

The seventh naval district includes that portion of 
Florida south of a line southeast from Jacksonville 
to St. Augustine and one southwest from J acksonville 
to St. Johns Inlet. 
Commandant of the Eighth Naval District, Navy Yard, 
New Orleans, La. 

The eighth naval district includes the States of Okla- 
homa, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ten- 
nessee, Alabama, and that portion of the State of 
Florida west of a line drawn southwest from J ackson- 
ville, Fla., to St. Johns Inlet, Fla. 
Commandant of the Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Naval Dis- 
tricts, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 111. 

The ninth, tenth, and eleventh naval districts include 
the States of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, 
Michigan, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wis- 
consin, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and that 
portion of the State of New York west of a line 
drawn from Elmira through Syracuse north 1c the 
Canadian border. 
Commandant of the Twelfth Naval District, 417 Sheldon 
Building, San Francisco, Cal. 

The twelfth naval district includes the States of Colo- 
rado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and Cali- 
fornia. 

Commandant of the Thirteenth Naval District, Navy Yard, 
Puget Sound, Wash. 

The thirteenth naval district includes the States of Mon- 
tana, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. 
Commandant of the Fourteenth Naval District, Naval Sta- 
tions, Honolulu, Hawaii. 

The fourteenth naval district includes the Hawaiian 
Islands. 

Commandant, Navy Yard, Washington, D. C, enrolling 
office, Old Naval Hospital, Ninth Street and Pennsyl- 
vania Avenue SE., Washington, D. C. 
District of Columbia and Indianhead, Md. 
Marine Superintendent, Balboa Heights, Canal Zone. 
United States territory on the Isthmus of Panama. 



178 



The Navy. 



UNITED STATES MARINE COUPS. 

296. Purpose. The marines, the " soldiers of the sea," are 
an independent branch of the military service of the United 
States, serving generally under the direction of the Secretary 
of the Navy. They protect Government property at naval 
stations at home, and furnish the first line of the mobile de- 
fense of naval bases and naval stations beyond the limits of 
the United States. They guard American lives and inter- 
ests abroad and are used as expeditionary forces and for ad- 
vance base duty. The marines go with the warships, do 
guard dinyy on board, and act as landing parties ashore. 

297. History. The Marine Corps was first called into ex- 
istence by the act of the Continental Congress of Novem- 
ber 10, 1775, and served throughout the Revolutionary War. 
It was disbanded at the close of the war, but was reorgan- 
ized and permanently established July 11, 1798. It has par- 
ticipated in every expedition and action in which the Navy 
has engaged, and has cooperated in campaigns with the 
Army. 

298. Personnel. Until recently the organized strength 
of the marines was 17,400 men, but in the present emergency 
an increase to 30,000 has been authorized. On July 21 there 
were 27,898 men enlisted in the Marine Corps. There are 
119 marine recruiting stations in the United States. 

299. Requirements for enlistment. An applicant for en- 
listment must be an American citizen between 20 and 35 
years of age and must read, write, and understand English. 
He must be single and without dependent relatives, and must 
be of good moral character and excellent health. He must 
be at least 64 inches tall, and must weigh at least 124 pounds. 

300. Enlistment. Marines are not enlisted at recruiting 
stations except those re-enlisting, but they apply and receive 
their mental and physical examinations there. Information 
regarding enlistments, etc., may be obtained by addressing 
the Officer in Charge of Recruiting, Headquarters, United 
States Marine Corps, Washington, D. C. Detailed and com- 
plete information is given in the pamphlets published by 
the marines, which may be obtained free at any station. 



The Navy. 



179 



301. Training. When a recruit is enrolled he is put on 
probation and sent to a station at Port Royal, S. C. ; Phila- 
delphia, Pa.; Norfolk, Va. ; Mare Island, Cal. ; or Quan- 
tico, Va. Here he must undergo another examination, and 
if found satisfactory, he is sworn into the service. If un- 
satisfactory, he is returned to his home at the Government's 
expense. 

302. Service. The term of enlistment for a marine is 
four years, after which he may be discharged or re-enlist. He 
may purchase his discharge sooner if he presents a valid 
reason. While in service the marines are given ample liberty, 
and may engage in special study, although this is not espe- 
cially provided for. (In peace time the marines serve abroad 
in Cuba, Nicaragua, Hawaii, Guam, Philippines, Haiti, and 
in Pekin, China.) They receive instruction, however, in 
aviation, wireless telegraphy, heliograph, various other 
methods of signaling, telegraphy, planting of mines, and in 
the other forms of activity which their service demands. At 
the recruit depot at Port Royal, S. C, are schools for clerks 
and stenographers, and electrical and radio schools. 

303. Pay. A marine regularly receives from $15 to $69 a 
month, according to rank and length of service. He receives 
20 per cent increase aboard ship or in a foreign country. In 
addition to this, all extra services are paid for, from $1 for 
signalman or $5 for messman to 50 per cent increase for 
aviation. During the period of the war additional pay is 
given as follows : Private, $15 ; corporal, $15 ; sergeant, $8 ; 
all higher ranks, $6. 

304. Savings and death benefits. The marine's pay is 
practically clear, as his expenses are few, and his savings 
may be deposited with the paymaster. Upon the death of 
any enlisted man from wounds or sickness not due to his 
own misconduct, there will be paid to the widow, children, 
or dependent relatives previously designated by him an 
amount equal to six months' pay. For plans as to life and 
accident insurance for men in the military service see para- 
graph 182. 

305. Advancements and commissions. Advancement in the 
marines is comparatively rapid, since vacancies occur con- 



180 



The Navy. 



stantly in the noncommissioned grades. Noncommissioned 
officers may be promoted to the warrant rank with pay 
varying from $1,125 to $2,500 a year. Men are also selected 
by competitive examination for training for commissions at 
the Naval Academy, and many worthy noncommissioned 
officers of the Fleet Marine Corps Reserve are also given 
commissioned rank. 

MARINE COUPS RESERVE. 

306. History. The Marine Corps Reserve was authorized 
by Congress as a reserve force to be trained in time of peace, 
and called into active service only when the country is at 
war, or when there exists a national emergency as a declared 
by the President. It is divided into several classes, as fol- 
lows : 

307. Ex-marines may enroll in Class 1 of the Reserve, 
the Fleet Marine Corps, in their former ranks and draw a 
retainer of from $50 to $100. 

308. Class 2: Marine Corps Reserve A for civilians with 
military training and experience. 

Eligibility Requirements. For officer (provisional) a man 
must be a citizen of the United States between 20 and 35 
years of age ; and having two years' experience as an officer 
of a military or naval organization or a military school or 
college. He must be of good moral character and free from 
physical defects. After three months' service the officer may 
receive his commission after suitable professional and physi- 
cal examinations. 

An enrolled man (provisional) must furnish evidence as 
to military experience, character, and citizenship. He must 
be between 18 and 35 years of age when first enrolling. Af- 
ter three months' service and a suitable examination his rank 
may be confirmed. 

Both men and officers with provisional appointment receive 
an annual retainer of $12, and when confirmed each receives 
the equivalent of two months' pay based on comparison with 
the Marine Cpjrps. When in active service they receive pay 
equivalent to that given in the Marine Corps. An appro- 



The Navy. 



181 



priate uniform gratuity is likewise given, to be refunded 
when a discharge is obtained in peace time. 

Duties consist of liability to serve, as in the Marine Corps, 
in time of war or national emergency. 

309. Class 4 : Marine Corps Reserve B. This class is for 
United States citizens who are capable of performing special 
useful service in the Marine Corps, such as owners and 
operators of automobiles, motor trucks, motor cycles, aero- 
planes, etc. 

To serve as officers, no military experience is necessary, but 
other requirements for class 2 hold good here. Men (provi- 
sional) must also satisfy requirements as in class 2, except 
that the kind of service varies from military to technical. 
The pay, uniform gratuity, and duties are essentially the 
same as for class 2. 

310. Class 5: Marine Corps Reserve Flying Corps. For 
qualified aviators — similar in requirements, etc., to Classes 2 
and 4. 

311. Class 6 : Voluntary Marine Corps Reserve. This class 
is composed of men eligible for the above classes who agree 
to waive their retainer fee and uniform gratuity in peace 
time. 

THE NAVAL MILITIA. 

312. Purpose. The Naval Militia has the same relation 
to the Navy as the National Guard to the Army. Naval 
militiamen in time of war are known as the National Naval 
Volunteers and become active members of the Navy and 
serve as bluejackets and officers in the main or reserve fleets, 
or wherever else they may be assigned. All matters relat- 
ing to the Naval Militia come under the cognizance of the 
Bureau of Navigation. 

313. History. The State of Massachusetts was the first 
to establish a Naval Militia, doing so on March 29, 1890. 
The next was the First Battalion Naval Militia, New 
York. It was founded in 1891, using the IT. S. S. Granite 
State, a " dreadnaught " of 100 years ago, as armory. 
There is now Naval Militia in" 22 States, the District of 
Columbia, and Hawaii. States having Naval Militia are: 
California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 

106006°— 17- 13 



182 



The Navy. 



New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, 
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Wash- 
ington, and Wisconsin. 

314. Training, etc. Training consists of drills for which 
the battalions are divided into divisions, and of instruction 
in navigation, infantry, ordnance, seamanship, signals, and 
the use of radio. This is further supplemented by practical 
experience. Naval militiamen may enroll in the National 
Naval Volunteers in which the period of enrollment is three 
years. The advancement as well as pay depends entirely 
upon merit, each man receiving approximately $1 and up- 
ward per drill. Uniforms and equipment are furnished 
free. 

315. War service. New battalions totaling 2,470 men have 
just been authorized by the President, and will soon be in 
service. 

316. Marine Corps. Marine companies have been formed 
in connection with the Naval Militia, and have been called 
to active duty in the Navy. Enlistments in the Marine 
Corps Branch of the Naval Militia have, however, been 
temporarily suspended. 

317. Aviation Corps. An aviation section is also attached 
to the Naval Militia, and a training depot has been estab- 
lished at Bay Shore, Long Island. 

318. Information. Men desiring to enlist, or others wish- 
ing information, should apply to the Naval Militia head- 
quarters (given below) ; or to the Division of Naval Militia 
Affairs, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. 

The headquarters of Naval Militia organizations are as 
follows : 

California : Commanding Officer, California Naval Militia, Room 402, 
Sharon Building, 55 New Montgomery Street, San Francisco, 
Gal. 

Connecticut: Commanding Officer, Connecticut Naval Militia, South 
Norwalk, Conn. 

District of Columbia : Commanding Officer, District of Columbia Naval 

Militia, Water and O Streets SW., Washington, D. C. 
Florida : 

First Battalion, Commanding Officer, First Battalion, Florida 

Naval Militia, Key West, Fla. 
Second Battalion, Commanding Officer, Second Battalion, Florida 

Naval Militia, Jacksonville, Fla, 



The Navy. 



183 



Hawaii : Commanding Officer, Naval Militia of Hawaii, care Executive 
Chamber, Honolulu, Hawaii. 

Illinois : Commanding Officer, Illinois Naval Militia, Steamship Com- 
modore, Chicago, 111. 

Louisiana: Commanding Officer, Louisiana Naval Militia, 326 Camp 
Street, New Orleans, La. 

Maine: Commanding Officer, Maine Naval Militia, 375 Fore Street, 
Portland, Me. 

Maryland: Commanding Officer, Maryland Naval Militia, 500 Conti- 
nental Building, Baltimore, Md. 

Massachusetts: Commanding Officer, Massachusetts Naval Militia, 
State Armory, Fall River, Mass. 

Michigan : 

First Battalion, Commanding Officer, First Battalion, Michigan 

Naval Militia, 718 Penobscot Building, Detroit, Mich. 
Second Battalion, Commanding Officer, Second Battalion, Michi- 
gan Naval Militia, Hancock, Mich. 
Minnesota: Commanding Officer, Minnesota Naval Militia, 120 North 

Fifteenth Avenue East, Duluth, Minn. 
Missouri : Commanding Officer, Missouri Naval Militia, 709 Laclede 

Gas Building, St. Louis, Mo. 
New Jersey : 

First Battalion, Commanding Officer, First Battalion, New Jersey 

Naval Militia, U. S. S. Adams, Hoboken, N. J. 
Second Battalion, Commanding Officer, Second Battalion, New 
Jersey Naval Militia, U. S. S. Vixen, Camden, N. J. 
New York: Commanding Officer, New York Naval Militia, 2 Rector 

Street, New York, N. Y. 
North Carolina : Commanding Officer, North Carolina Naval Militia, 
Newbern, N. C. 

Ohio : 

First Battalion, Commanding Officer, First Battalion, Ohio Naval 

Militia, Calvin Building, Toledo, Ohio. 
Second Battalion, Commanding Officer, Second Battalion, Ohio 

Naval Militia, 408 Federal Building, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Oregon: Commanding Officer, Oregon Naval Militia, 640 Morgan 

Building, Portland, Oreg. 
Pennsylvania: Commanding Officer, Pennsylvania Naval Militia, 333 

Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Rhode Island : Commanding Officer, Rhode Island Naval Militia, State 

Armory, Providence, R. I. 
South Carolina: Commanding Officer, South Carolina Naval Militia, 

Charleston, S. C. 

Texas: Commanding Officer, Texas Naval Militia, care Blum Hard- 
ware Co., Galveston, Tex. 

Washington: Commanding Officer, Washington Naval Militia, 732 Cen- 
tral Building, Seattle, Wash. 



184 



The Navy. 



UNITED STATES COAST GUAHD. 

319. Purpose. The Coast Guard was established in 1915 
to combine the previously existing Revenue- Cutter Service 
and Life- Saving Service. In peace time it operates under 
the Treasury Department, and has as its principal function 
the saving of life and property from the destruction of the 
seas. In war time it operates as part of the Navy, subject 
to the orders of the Secretary of the Navy. There are 281 
stations, divided into 13 districts. 

320. Training , etc. Appointments to cadetships are made 
after competitive examinations, and a class of cadets is 
appointed each year. The cadets are educated at the Coast 
Guard Academy, at New London, Conn. The course covers 
three years and embraces professional and academic studies. 
Candidates for cadetships must not be less than 18 nor more 
than 24 years old, citizens of the United States, and unmar- 
ried. Appointments as cadet engineers are also made after 
competitive examination, and candidates must not be less 
than 20J years of age and must serve a probationary term 
of at least one year before being commissioned third lieu- 
tenants of engineers. These must be between 21 and 26 
years of age. 

321. Officers^ personnel^ etc. Officers of the Coast Guard 
are on the same footing in rank and pay as officers of the 
Army and Navy. The authorized personnel is 270 commis- 
sioned officers and 3,931 warrant officers, petty officers, and 
enlisted men. 

322. Information. Information may be obtained at any 
of the Coast Guard stations or at the headquarters, Treasury 
Department, Washington, D. C. 

323. Present use. In the present emergency the Govern- 
ment has taken over the revenue-cutter system for other pur- 
poses. 

UNITED STATES JUNIOR NAVAL RESERVE. 

324. This is an organization for the training of American 
boys for the American Navy and merchant marine. Over 
6,000 boys are enrolled in small posts throughout the coun- 
try and are given instruction and naval training in addition 



The Navy. 



185 



to their regular schooling. Two large training camps 
(Camps Dewey and John Paul Jones) are located at New 
London, Conn., and Corpus Christi, Tex., respectively. 
Scholarships are awarded on a basis of merit and special 
aptitude for the work in general. 

A call was sent out for 1,000 additional boys to enlist 
at once. On June 10, 300 cadets were already in attendance, 
and it was expected that by July 1 over 1,200 boys will be 
in training for the Navy and merchant marine. Any boy 
between the ages of 14 and 18 may join the organization, 
and by general efficiency in drill and nautical study may 
earn a free scholarship at Camp Dewey for two months' 
training. Boys and young men between the ages of 10 and 
18 who are not members of the United States Junior Naval 
Xteserve, will be admitted to Camp Dewey on the payment 
of a nominal fee. There are nightly drills by classes of 100 
each, besides special classes in the Hospital Corps and 
wireless school, while the cadets will receive nautical instruc- 
tion once a week from an officer of the United States Navy 
or Militia. 

Camp Dewey, on the Thames River, near New London, 
Conn., gave instruction to 200 boys last summer, and it is 
expected that there will be over 1,000 there this season. 

For information address, United States Junior Naval 
Reserve, 231 West Fifty-eighth Street, New York City. 

THE NAVY LEAGUE. 

325. The Navy League has undertaken a very useful work 
in stimulating recruiting and in providing for the comfort 
of sailors and their dependents. Some of the activities of 
the Navy League are recruiting for the regular Naval Service 
and for the Naval Reserve. Both of these branches are prac- 
tically at their authorized strength at the present time, so 
for the moment the activities of the league in this direction 
are very slight. 

Greatly increased, however, are the activities of the league 
which have to do with furnishing such articles as bring com- 
fort to the sailors and are not furnished through regular 
gOA^ernmental channels. Many thousands of knitted articles 



186 



The Navy. 



have already been provided by the Navy League and it is 
still hard at work along these lines. Those who desire to 
cooperate should get in touch with their local branch, and 
if such a branch does not exist, might well consider starting 
one. All communications should be addressed to the Navy 
League of the United States, Southern Building, Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

The Navy League has undertaken to raise a war-relief 
fund, regarding which inquiry may be made as above. 



AVIATION. 



326. The Army and Navy are at one in plans for an avia- 
tion service which will make possible the continuance of the 
supremacy in the air now held by those fighting against 
Germany and her allies. 

In his Fourth of July address at New York Secretary 
Baker said : 

In 1915 the Congress appropriated something less than a half 
million dollars for the building of aircraft in the Army. In 1917 
the appropriation was $47,000,000, and now Congress is considering 
a bill which appropriates the great sum of $640,000,000 for the build- 
ing of airplanes. 

And the program is that American skill and ingenuity. American 
scientific knowledge, and the skill of handicraftsman shall furnish 
inexhaustive resources to the allies in the unquestionable supremacy 
of the air. Then our Army will have eyes that can see and be able 
to ferret out our adversary and enemy, and save the military op- 
erations of those who depend upon the airmen for their knowledge 
of the enemy disposition. 

The Secretary of the Nav}^ has recommended an appro- 
priation of $45,000,000 for the development of the Aeronautic 
Service. 

327. Joint boards. To simplify the task of the Depart- 
ments of War and Navy, Secretaries Baker and Daniels have 
appointed three joint boards: The Joint Army and Navy 
Board on Design and Specifications, the Joint Army and 
Navy Board on Aero Cognizance, and the Joint Army and 
Navy Board on Zeppelins. The work of these boards is 
sufficiently indicated by their titles. 

328. Aircraft Production Board. To assist in the expan- 
sion of the Aviation Service, the Council of National De- 
fense appointed on April 12 the Aircraft Production Board, 
with Mr. Howard E. Coffin chairman. 

The general function of the xiircraft Production Board will 
be to bring manufacturers together and help make their re- 
sources available to the Government and assist the Govern- 
ment in stimulating the production of better types and 
greater quantities of air machines, to investigate and recom- 

187 



188 Aviation. 

mend manufacturing plants where orders are to be placed, to 
aid in arranging with American factories as to the kinds of 
machine best suited to their several organizations and facil- 
ities for manufacture, to advise as regards priority of deliv- 
eries of aircraft material in accordance with a general policy 
as determined by the Council of National Defense, and fol- 
lowing the selection of sites for aviation schools and supply 
depots by the military department, to advise in regard to 
buying or leasing the land, preparing it for use, and erecting 
all buildings. 

A bill has been introduced in Congress to give the Air- 
craft Production Board power to spend the $640,000,000 
just appropriated. 

329. C ooveration with the allies. Arrangements have been 
made with British and Canadian officers to standardize the 
training machines in use in Great Britain, •Canada, and the 
United States, so that machines can be distributed impar- 
tially and without difficulty among the three nations. It is 
hoped to be able to make satisfactory arrangements with the 
British and French manufacturers to secure the advantage 
of their experience and designs in spurring forward the 
development of our own industry. All reports that the 
United States intends to purchase aeroplanes abroad are 
manifestly false, since the allies are constantly in need of 
more machines than their own resources can supply. 

330. Machines, men, camps. The immediate policy in- 
volves roughly a program for the first year of turning out 
in American factories some thousands of aircraft, including 
both training and battle types, and the establishment of 
schools and training fields with sufficient capacity not only 
to man these machines, but to supply a constant stream of 
aviators and mechanics to the American forces in Europe. 
Under the auspices of eight of the Nation's leading engineer- 
ing schools, cadets are already under preliminary training 
for the American military air service. (See paragraph 331,, 
and map, page 251.) 

331. Instruction. The country has made progress in de- 
veloping aviators. In April a group of Army officers 
visited the training camp of the Royal Flying Corps at 
Borden, Ontario, one of the four camps established in 
Canada, and the aviation school at Toronto, where cadets. 



Aviation. 



189 



are trained under military discipline for the service. In 
these schools there has been incorporated the latest Euro- 
pean experience in the development of this new art of the air. 
Officers on a similar mission are now in England. 

The eight institutions giving instruction in military aero- 
nautics are the Universities of California, Texas, Illinois, and 
Ohio, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Georgia School 
of Technology, Cornell University, and Princeton Uni- 
versity. Three technical instructors from each of tnese 
places were sent to Toronto. They returned on May 8 after 
a comprehensive study of the course given there, prepared 
to teach it themselves. On May 10 six of these engineering 
schools opened similar cadet aviation schools at their re- 
spective institutions. 

At the present date there are something like 800 students 
at the various ground schools. Men are being delegated to 
the work in the eight colleges at the rate of 25 a week for 
each school, or about 200 a week. After August 25 the 
Government expects to graduate students into the advanced 
flying fields at the rate of 200 per week. The number to 
have been put into active flying by September 8 has been 
set at 1,408, but the total will probably be less, due to the 
weeding-out process which is going on continually. 

These cadet schools might be described as laboratory 
courses in aviation. The students are given thorough in- 
struction in the theory of flying, including the necessary 
physics and mathematics and the mechanics of aeroplane 
construction. The training schools are thoroughly equipped 
with samples of aeroplane parts and instruments for demon- 
stration, as well as textbooks. Technical matters relating to 
map making, photography, bomb dropping, gun sighting, 
and all similar subjects which a military aviator must know, 
are also taught. All during this time the cadet is under 
military training, following the methods which Great Brit- 
ain and Canada have found so successful. At the end of 
two months of this preliminary work, the cadet is given a 
final test to determine whether he shall go on to the aviation 
camp. 

332. Camps, In the meantime plans are going ahead for 
the nine aviation fields to receive their men when they are 
ready. The Aircraft Production Board is working con- 



190 



Aviation. 



stantly with the military departments in preparing for the 
construction of these fields. The standard field on which they 
are basing their program will provide for accommodating 
two squadrons of 150 students each with the necessary officer 
instructors and enlisted men, together with a certain number 
of additional enlisted men who will be training at the same 
time. The hangars will take care of 7*2 planes. The prepara- 
tion of these fields will cost approximately $1,000,000 each, 
including the construction of the necessary buildings, dor- 
mitories, workshops, and hangars. A standard set of build- 
ings has already been worked out. The fields will be ap- 
proximately a mile square, and great care is being taken by 
the military authorities in their location. (See map, page 
251.) 

333. Men needed for Aviation Service. Secretary of War 
Baker has announced plans for a greatly increased aero- 
nautic personnel, and the following statement is from the 
War Office : 

The general impression that the United States has a limitless num- 
ber of applicants for a commission in the Aviation Section of the 
Army is entirely erroneous. Somehow this impression has gone 
abroad and been copied by papers throughout the country, thereby 
discouraging many capable men from putting in applications to be- 
come pilots. It is extremely desirable that this impression be cor- 
rected and that the knowledge that any man between the ages of 19 
and 30 who is physically, mentally, and morally qualified for a com- 
mission in the Aviation Section has as good a chance now to become 
a flyer as at any time. 

331. Aviation units. There is no one aviation division, 
but there are several aviation sections under the Signal 
Corps in the Army, and under four different branches of the 

Navy, as follows: 
United States Army : 

1. Aviation section of the Signal Corps, United States 
Army, for enlisted men and commissioned officers of the 
Regular Army. 

2. Aviation section of the Signal Officers 5 Reserve Corps. 
A few men in addition are accepted for ground work, and 
because of special technical abilities. 

3. Aviation section of the Signal Enlisted Seserve Corps, 
for ground duty. 



Aviation. 



191 



United States Navy : 

1. Naval Flying Corps, for enlisted men and commissioned 
officers of the Regular Navy. 

2. Naval Reserve Flying Corps. 

3. Aviation section of the Naval Militia, for enlisted men 
and officers of the Naval Militia. 

4. Marine Corps Reserve Flying Corps, open only to quali- 
fied aviators. 

335. Physical requirements for any aviation division are 
extremely rigid. Applicants must have perfect sight an I 
hearing, sound lungs, a first-class heart (the slightest weak- 
ness disqualifies). The physical examination includes a spe- 
cially devised test of the applicant's ears, intended to show 
his ability to maintain an equilibrium under conditions 
peculiar to aeronautics. 

No applicant need consider the Aviation Service unless 
he is in the prime of health and athletic condition. 

AEMY AVIATION SERVICE. 

REGULAR ARMY SIGNAL CORPS, AVIATION SECTION. 

Men enlisted in the Signal Corps of the Army may serve 
as nonfliers in the Aviation Section. 

336. Requirements. Applicants must be between IS and 
35, unmarried, and able to pass a physical examination. 

Duties. Enlisted men, in general, are nonfliers, and repair 
the planes and motors, magnetos, carbureters, etc. They may 
also be promoted to the flier rank. 

337. Aviation mechanics. A certain number of the en- 
listed men of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps may 
be examined for the rating of aviation mechanic. In gen- 
eral, aviation mechanics are expert motormen, but only a 
very few are given an opportunity to fly. 

For further details, apply to any Army recruiting station 
or to the Chief Signal Officer, Washington, D. C. 

THE SIGNAL OFFICERS' RESERVE CORPS, AVIATION SECTION. 

338. Number and grades of officers. The grades in this 
section are in the same proportion as those obtaining in the 
aviation section, Signal Corps, United States Army, to and 
including the grade of major. Unless otherwise authorized 
by proper authority, all successful applicants for commissions 



192 



Avioiion. 



in the aviation section. Signal Officers' Reserve Corps, will 
enter as private, first class, and will be promoted in accord- 
ance with ability shown. 

339. Requirements for candidates. 1. Physical (see above 
paragraph 335) : Applicants must be between 19 and 30 
years of age and pass a rigid physical examination. 

2. Moral : Applicants must enclose with their applications 
at least three recommendations from reputable citizens so 
worded as to embrace moral character. 

3. Professional : Applicants must establish that they have 
had a high-school or preparatory-school education. In de- 
termining the educational qualifications beyond a high- 
school education consideration will be given to the appli- 
cant's intelligence, business or other training, travel, tutor- 
ing, home study, activity, and military training. 

340. Method of entry. A candidate wishing to pursue the 
course of instruction under this class must enlist as a 
private in the Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps. When so en- 
listed he will be enrolled as a private, first class, upon his 
declaration of honor that his enlistment is for the purpose 
of training himself as an aviator, and that he will pursue 
the course of instruction, first in groundwork at a School 
of Military Aeronautics (see paragraphs 331 and 341) and 
then in an aviation training camp (see paragraph' 332) , take 
the regular military aviajtor's test, and apply for a commis- 
sion. This enlistment will entitle him to pay and clothing, 
food, heat, light, quarters, and medical attendance, equiva- 
lent to about $75 per month. In so enlisting he renders him- 
self subject to the military laws of the United States and 
while on dut}^ is amenable to the discipline of the Regular 
Army. 

In order to apply for a commission in the aviation section 
of the Signal Corps it is necessary to write to the aeronauti- 
cal officer of the nearest department headquarters (see map, 
page 251) or to the Personnel Section, Signal Corps, Wash- 
ington, D. C. A blank will be sent to the applicant, and if 
he seems a satisfactory candidate he will receive a notice to 
appear before an examing board. 

341. The course at the aviation ground schools is described 
as follows: 



Aviation. 



193 



Before any flying is attempted the student must take an 
eight weeks' course in a School of Military Aeronautics. 
It will be necessary for a good many trained fliers to take 
this course, which deals with various technical aspects of 
aerial warfare, some of which may be novel to the man who 
knows how to fly but not how to fight or scout at the same 
time. Ten thousand men can receive instruction yearly at 
these schools. 

The course includes: Military drill, calisthenics, machine 
gun, artillery observation, bombs and bombing, wireless and 
signaling, theory of flight, types of machines, care of ma- 
chine, tools, map reading, reconnaissance, photography, sta- 
tionary engines, meteorology, cross country and general fly- 
ing. Practically all the instructors have observed the work 
in the Canadian camps, and the courses will be closety mod- 
eled upon the work done by the flying students of that 
country. It has not been ascertained definitely just how 
much time must be devoted to the teaching of flying itself, 
but it is believed that there will be no difficulty in fitting 
from 5,000 to 6,000 aviators for service each year. 

342. Applications or requests for further information may 
be addressed to any of the following : 

The Signal Corps, War Department, Washington, D. C. 
\ The Mineola Field, Mineola, Long Island. 
The Essington Flying Field, Essington, Pa. 
Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Tex. 
North Brothers Island, San Diego. Cal. 
Signal Officer, Central Department, Chicago, 111. 
Fort Omaha, Omaha, Nebr. 

THE SIGNAL ENLISTED RESERVE CORPS, AVIATION SECTION. 

343. Qualifications — General requirements. Service in the 
Enlisted Reserve Corps, aviation section, Signal Corps, is 
by enlistment. Applicants must be over 18 and under 45 
years of age. They must be of good antecedents and habits 
and free from bodily defects and diseases. They must be 
citizens of the United States or have made legal declaration 
of their intention to become citizens of the United States 
and be able to speak, read, and write the English language. 
Before enlisting they are required to pass a physical exami- 



194 



Aviation. 



nation to determine their fitness for service in the United 
States Army. Before authority for enlistment is granted, 
applicants will furnish two or more certificates of good 
moral character. As the service is technical, men qualified 
as mechanicians, who have had experience in the construc- 
tion and repair of aeroplanes or internal-combustion engines 
are particularly desirable. All men are enlisted as privates. 
If ability is shown, promotion will be made to the following 
grades. 

344. Qualifications for each grade: 

Master signal electricians: The candidate must have a 
practical knowledge of gasoline motors, magnetos, carbure- 
tors, telegraphy, and a fair knowledge of the principles of 
electricity and photography or airplanes and balloons. 

Sergeants, first class: The candidate must have a work- 
ing knowledge of gasoline motors, magnetos, carburetors, 
and a fair knowledge of the principles of metal working. 

Sergeants and corporals: Candidates must have a general 
knowledge of the subjects given under requirements for 
first-class sergeants. 

Privates, first class: Applicants must show an interest in 
the subjects mentioned, be competent, keen, and of a. suffi- 
ciently high order of intelligence to insure that they will de- 
velop along the proper lines in training. 

345. Pay, etc.. All enlisted men of the aviation section, 
Signal Corps, of the United States Army, in addition to 
their regular pay, receive rations, quarters, clothing, fuel, 
bedding, medicine, and medical attendance when required. 

3STAVY AVIATION SERVICE. 

NAVAL FLYING COSPS. 

346. For enlisted men in the Regular Navy — 

Men may enlist as " landsman for quartermaster (avia- 
tion)," or "landsman for machinist's mate (aviation)." 

A number of men are needed at present, but they must be 
peculiarly fit mentally and physically and between the ages 
of 21 and 30 years. They will be sent to the aeronautic 
school at Pensacola, Fla., for a course of training and in- 
struction. There are two classes, mechanics and fliers. 



Aviation* 



195 



After three months of satisfactory work, candidates will 
be examined and rated as quartermaster (second class), 
mates, or machinist's mates (second class). If men entered 
as landmen or machinist's mates can qualify on arriving. at 
Pensacola, they may be immediately rated as machinist's 
mates (second class, aviation). 

After six months at Pensacola, particularly good men may 
be ordered to actual flying duty, in which case their pay will 
be increased 50 per cent. If they can pass examinations they 
may be promoted to first class (aviation). 

847. Balloonists. The Navy is in immediate need of a 
number of candidates for balloonists. Instruction involves 
flights in free and captive ballons, descents, theoretical in- 
struction, etc. 

348. Military training. The prospective officers and men 
in both the Naval Keserve Flying Corps and the Naval Flying 
Corps, which includes only officers of the Regular Navy, are 
being given regular military training, as well as training in 
flying. Seaplanes of the tractor type, which are really flying 
boats, are being used, as well as various types of aircraft, in- 
cluding dirigible balloons. 

349. Pensacola. The officers of the Naval Flying Corps 
who have been in training at the Navy Aeronautic Station at 
Pensacola, Fla., since last December are just completing their 
first course. Most of the 250 men who were enlisted in the 
Navy for aeronautic duties only are also at Pensacola under- 
going instruction. 

The dirigible balloon DJY-l, of the non-rigid type, is now 
in use at Pensacola for training purposes and is being used 
to instruct the men who are to handle the fleet of new -type 
dirigibles ordered some time ago, the first of which, it is 
expected, will soon be in service. 

NAVAL RESERVE FLYING CORPS. 

350. Thousands have applied for enrollment in the Naval 
Reserve Flying Corps, and the applications are still pouring 
in. A large number of applications have been received from 
Boston alone and from New York, and hundreds of young 
men in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Chicago, 
Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, and in fact nearly every 
large city in the country have applied. 



196 



Aviation. 



351. Officers. Applicants for enrollment as commissioned 
officers in this branch, if approved, are rated as seamen 
second class. 

In the preliminary examination of these candidates the 
best officer material will be selected, having special regard 
for their educational qualifications. These candidates must 
be fully capable of passing a physical examination similar 
in all respects to that prescribed for line officers of the Regu- 
lar Navy for aeronautic duty. Candidates who have had 
practical flying experience and possess pilot's licenses from 
recognized flying schools will be considered first, as their 
previous training will save time in their final qualification as 
naval aviators. These men will remain in the rating of sea- 
men (second class) throughout the period of their flying in- 
struction. 

It is anticipated that certain other candidates for commis- 
sions, because of their special knowledge in the construction, 
design, or organization of aircraft establishments, will be of 
value to the naval service. Such applicants will, if quali- 
fied, be recommended to the bureau for a provisional ap- 
pointment in the Volunteer Naval Reserve of the Naval 
Coast Defense Reserve (class 4) for service under the Naval 
Reserve Flying Corps (class 5). 

352. Men. The selection of men as mechanics will be 
carefully made, and only well-qualified men enrolled. Ap- 
plicants capable of passing an examination for machinist's 
mate second class would be desirable. Tradesmen, such as 
gas-engine mechanics, machine toolmen, coppersmiths, car- 
penters, blacksmiths, sailmakers, etc., would be desirable. 
Consideration of the work to be done about aircraft (air- 
planes, seaplanes, balloons, and dirigibles) will indicate the 
quality of men desired. No man will be enrolled in a higher 
rating than petty officer, first class. 

353. Service. Officers and men enrolled in accordance 
with these instructions will not be ordered to active duty 
until the proper facilities for their training are available. 

MARINE CORPS RESERVE FLYING CORPS. 

354. This corps is open only to men who are already quali- 
fied aviators. Other requirements are similar to those for 
the Marine Corps Reserve. (See under Marine Corps Re- 
serve, paragraph 310.) 



Aviation. 



197 



AVIATION SECTIONS OF NAVAL MILITIA. 

355. Requirements for enrollment in these sections are, in 
general, the same as those for enlistment in the Naval Militia. 
The sections are open only to officers and enlisted men of the 
Naval Militia, but enlistment can be made for aviation duty 
only. Apply to any local branch of the Naval Militia (for 
States see paragraph 318) ; or to the Division of Naval 
Militia Affairs, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. 

106006°— 17 14 



APPENDIX. 



THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE. 

The Council of National Defense was created under an act of Con- 
gress, approved August 29, 1916; and in the same act authority wa^s 
granted for the creation of an Advisory Commission of seven persons 
to act with, under, and by the authority of the Council. (For mem- 
bership and organization see below. ) 

In the terms of the act the Council is. among other things, charged 
with the " coordination of industries and resources for the national 
security and welfare," and with the " creation of relations which will 
render possible in the lime of need the immediate concentration and 
utilization of the resources of the Nation." 

In performing its functions the Council is further charged with the 
following duties : 

1. To supervise and direct investigation, and make recommenda- 
tions to the President and the heads of executive departments as t" — 

(a) The location of railroads with reference to the frontier of the 
United States, so as to render possible expeditious concentration of 
troops and supplies to points of defense. 

(b) The coordination of military, industrial, and commercial pur- 
poses in the location of extensive highways and branch lines of rail- 
roads. 

(c) The utilization of waterways. 

(cZ) The mobilization of military and naval resources for defense. 

(e) The increase of domestic production of articles and materials 
essential to the support of armies and of the people during the inter- 
ruption of foreign commerce. 

(/) The development of seagoing transportation. 

(g) Data as to amounts, location, method, and means of production 
and availability of military supplies. 

(h) The giving of information to producers and manufacturers as 
to the class of supplies needed by the military and other services of 
the Government, the requirements relating thereto, and the creation 
of relations which will render possible in time of need the immediate 
concentration and utilization of the resources of the Nation. 

2. To report to the President or to the heads of executive depart- 
ments upon special inquiries or subjects appropriate thereto. 

3. To submit an annual report to Congress, through the President, 
giving as full a statement of the activities of the council and the 
agencies subordinate to it as is consistent with the public interest, 
including an itemized account of the expenditures made by the council, 
or authorized by it, in as full detail as the public interest will per- 

199 



200 



The Council of National Defense. 



mit, providing, however, that when deemed proper the President may 
authorize, in amounts stipulated by him, unvouchered expenditures 
and report the gross so authorized not itemized. 
The Council of National Defense is composed as follows : 
Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, chairman. 
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. 
Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane. 
Secretary of Agriculture David F. Houston. 
Secretary of Commerce William C. Redfield. 
Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson. 
The members of the Advisory Commission and the work of which 
they are in particular charge are as follows : 

Daniel Willard, chairman, president of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
road : Transportation and communication. 
Howard E. Coffin, vice president of the Hudson Motor Co. : Muni- 
tions, manufacturing, including standardization and industrial 
relations. 

Julius Rosenwald, president of Sears, Roebuck & Co. : Supplies, 

including clothing. 
Bernard M. Baruch, financier : Raw materials, minerals, and 

metals. 

Dr. Hollis Godfrey, president of the Drexel Institute : Engineering 
and education. 

Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor : 
Labor, including conservation of health and welfare of workers. 
Dr. Franklin Martin, secretary general of the American College 
of Surgeons : Medicine, surgery, and sanitation. 
The Director of the Council and Advisory Commission is Walter S. 
Gilford, and the Secretary of the Council and Advisory Commission is 
Grosvenor B. Clarkson. 

The work of the Advisory Commission is administered by seven 
distinct committees, with one of the commission members acting as 
chairman of each as indicated above. 

In addition to this system, the following sections and boards of 
the Council may be considered as of primary importance and are 
closely correlated with the general committees, whose chairmen, in 
several cases, preside over the work of these boards. 
The sections and board are: 
The General Munitions Board. 
The Munitions Standard Board. 
The Aircraft Production Board. 
The Medical Section. 
The Commercial Economy Board. 
The Interdepartmental Advisory Board. 

The Cooperative Committees on the Purchase of Army Supplies 

(United States Chamber of Commerce). 
The National Research Council. 
The Committee on Shipping. 



The Council of National Defense. 



201 



The Committee on Women's Defense Work, 

The Committee on Coal Production. 

The Section on Cooperation with States. 
The Council of National Defense decided on July 28, with the 
approval of the President, to create a small body to be known as 
the War Industries Board. The War Industries Board, in addition 
to other duties, will assume those formerly discharged by the General 
Munitions Board. The new board will be composed of seven members, 
working under the direction and control of the Council of National 
Defense and responsible through it to the President. Its members 
will be direct representatives of the Government and of the public 
interests. It will be composed of P. A. Scott, chairman ; Lieut. Col. 
Palmer E. Pierce, representing the Army ; Rear Admiral Frank P. 
Fletcher, representing the Navy ; and Mr. Hugh Frayne, Mr. B. M. 
Baruch, Mr. Robert S. Brookings, and Mr. Robert S. Lovett. 

The board will act as a clearing house for the war-industry needs 
of the Government, determine the most effective ways of meeting 
them, and the best means and methods of increasing production, 
including the creation or extension of industries demanded by the 
emergency ; the sequence and relative urgency of the needs of the 
different Government services, and consider price factors, and, in 
the first instance, the industrial and labor aspects of problems 
involved, and the general questions affecting the purchase of com- 
modities. 

Of this board, Mr. Baruch will give his attention particularly to 
raw materials, Mr. Brookings to finished products, and Mr. Lovett to 
matters of priority. These three members, in association with Mr. 
Hoover, so far as foodstuffs are involved, will constitute a commis- 
sion to arrange purchases in accordance with the general policies 
formulated and approved. 

The Council of National Defense and the Advisory Commission 
will continue unchanged and will discharge the duties imposed upon 
them by law. The committees heretofore created immediately subor- 
dinate to the Council of National Defense, viz, labor, transportation 
and communication, shipping, medicine and surgery, women's defense 
work, cooperation with State councils, research and inventions, 
engineering and education, commercial economy, administrations and 
statistics, and inland transportation, will continue their activities 
under the direction and control of the council. Those whose work is 
related to the duties of the war-industries board will cooperate with 
it. The subcommittees advising on particular industries and ma- 
terials, both raw and finished, heretofore created will also continue 
in existence, and be available to furnish assistance to the war-indus- 
tries board. \ 

The purpose of this action is to expedite the work of the Govern- 
ment, to furnish needed assistance to the departments engaged in 
making war purchases, to devolve clearly and definitely the important 
tasks indicated mpon direct representatives of the Government not 



202 



The Council of National Defense. 



interested in commercial and industrial activities with which thej 
will be called upon to deal, and to make clear that there is total dis- 
association of the industrial committees from the actual arrange- 
ment of purchases on behalf of the Government. It will lodge re- 
sponsibility for effective action as definitely as is possible under ex- 
isting law. It does not minimize or dispense with the splendid serv- 
ice which representatives of industry and labor have so unselfishly 
placed at the disposal of the Government. 



STATE REGISTERS. 



The following list, arranged alphabetically in the order of States, 
includes some of the more notable official organizations of peculiar 
interest or importance in war work, to whom an average citizen 
might well turn for aid or advice. Fuller descriptions of their activi- 
ties will be found in appropriate sections of the text ; in general, how- 
ever, the name indicates the nature of the work. 

(1) ALABAMA. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Mr. R. M. Hobbie, 
chairman executive committee, Council of State Defense, Mont- 
gomery, Ala. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Charleston, S. C. 

Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, New Orleans, La. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, Atlanta, Ga. 

Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta, Ga. 

Federal Land Bank, New Orleans, La. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. James F. Hooper, Selma. 

Labor Bureaus : 

Birmingham, State Board of Mediation and Arbitration, Mr. 

George H. Denny, University. 
Montgomery, Dr. William W. Dinsmore. Box 282. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. W. Nash Read, 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Birmingham, Capt. John M. Lowrey, Medical Reserve Corps, 

727 First National Bank Building. 
Mobile, Capt. John O. Rush, Medical Reserve Corps, 412 Van 

Antwerp Building. 
Montgomery, Maj. J. N. Barker, Medical Reserve Corps. 

(2) ARIZONA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Dwight B. 

Heard, chairman State Council of Defense, Phoenix, Ariz. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 
Naval District Headquarters, 417 Sheldon Building, San Francisco, 

Cal. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Dallas, Tex. 
Federal Land Bank, Berkeley, Cal. 

AVomen's State Chairman : Mrs. Eugene B. O'Neill, 701 North Central 
Avenue, Phoenix. 



1 See map, pag-e 253. 



203 



204 



State Registers. 



Labor Bureau, United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. Lindley 

B. Orme, Phoenix, Ariz. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Douglas, the surgeon, United States troops. 

Fort Huachuca, the surgeon. 

Naco, the surgeon, United States troops. 

(3) ARKANSAS. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Durand Whipple, 
assistant director, State Council of Defense, 400 Scott Street, Little 
Rock, Ark. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Charleston, S. C. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, New Orleans, La. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, St. Louis, Mo. 
Federal Reserve Bank, St. Louis, Mo. 
Federal Land Bank, St. Louis, Mo. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Joseph Frauenthal, Conway. 
Labor Bureaus : 
Little Rock- 
Free Labor Bureau, W. G. Sprague, manager, 522 Pine Street, 

Pulaski Heights. 
Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Ben. D. Brickhouse, commis- 
sioner. 

Minimum Wage Commission, Miss Lula Scruggs, 2115 Arch 
Street, Argenta. 

Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board, Hot Springs : Commanding 
Officer, Army and Navy General Hospital. 

(4) CALIFORNIA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. A. H. Naftzger, 
vice chairman, State Council of Defense, Sacramento, Cal. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 

Naval District Headquarters, 417 Sheldon Building, San Francisco, 
Cal. 

Civil Service Distict Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Reserve Bank, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Land Bank, Berkeley, Cal. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Herbert A. Cable, 719 South Hill 

Street, Los Angeles. 
Labor Bureaus : 

San Francisco, Bureau of Labor Statistics, John P. McLaugh- 
lin, commissioner, 948 Market Street. 
Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Francisco: Public Em- 
ployment' Offices, C. B. Sexton, superintendent of bureaus, 
525 Market Place, San Francisco, Cal. 
San Francisco, Industrial Welfare Commission, Hon. Frank J. 
Murasky, chairman, 525 Market Street. 



State Registers. 



205 



Labor Bureaus — Continued. 

San Francisco, Industrial Accident Commission, A. J. Pills- 
bury, chairman, 525 Market Street. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Prof. B. H. Grocheren, 
University of California, Berkeley. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Coronado, Maj. William L. Kneedler, United States Army (re- 
tired). 

Los Angeles, Capt. John J. Kyle, Medical Reserve Corps, 702 
Title Insurance Building. 

San Francisco, Commanding Officer, Letterman General Hos- 
pital, Presidio, San Francisco. 

(5) COLORADO. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. H. W. Cornell, 

director, War Council, State Capitol, Denver, Colo. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, 417 Sheldon Building, San Francisco, 
Cal. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Kansas City, Kans. 
Federal Land Bank, Wichita, Kans. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. W. LI. Kistler, Room 39, State House, 

Denver. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Colorado Springs, Denver, Pueblo, Public Employment Offices, 

Deputy Commissioner W. L. Morrissey, Denver, Colo. 
Denver, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Deputy Commissioner 

W. L. Morrissey. 
Denver, Industrial Commission, Hiram E. Hilts, chairman, 
Capitol Building. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Denver, Capt. Cuthbert Powell, Medical Reserve Corps (presi- 
dent), Metropolitan Building. 
Fort Logan, the surgeon. 

Trinidad, Lieut. John R. Espey, Medical Reserve Corps, Main 
and Walnut Streets. 

(6) CONNECTICUT. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. R. M. Rissell. 

chairman, State Council of Defense, State Capitol, Hartford, Conn. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Naval District Headquarters, 1 Naval Training Station, Newport, R. I. 
Naval District Headquarters, 1 Navy Yard, New York. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 2 Boston, Mass. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 2 New York, N. Y. 



1 See paragraph 295. 



2 See map, page 253. 



206 



State Registers. 



Federal Land Bank, Springfield, Mass. 

Women's State Chairman : Miss Caroline Runtz-Rees, Rosemary Hall, 

Greenwich. 
Labor Bureaus: 

Bridgeport, Hartford, New Haven, Norwich, Waterbury, Pub- 
lic Employment Offices, Commissioner William S. Hyde, 
Hartford, Conn. 
Hartford, Department of Labor and Factory Inspection, Com- 
missioner William S. Hyde. 
New London, State Board of Mediation and Arbitration, Mr. 

Lucius E. Whiton. 
Waterbury, Workmen's Compensation Commission, Mr. F. W. 

Williams, chairman, Lilly Building. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Prof. Charles L. 
Kirschner, New Haven High School, New Haven. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board, New Haven, Lieut. John 
W. Churchman, Medical Reserve Corps. 

(7) DELAWARE. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Thomas W. Mil- 
ler, chairman, Wilmington Committee on National Defense, 812 
Equitable Building, Wilmington, Del. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Governors Island, N. Y. 

Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Federal Reserve Bank, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Federal Land Bank, Baltimore, Md. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Charles R. Miller, Wilmington. 
Labor Bureaus: 

Wilmington, Labor Commission, Mr. Charles Warner, I. O. 
O. F. Building. 

•United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. William N. Ban- 
nard, jr., Wilmington, Del. 

(8) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. William H. Bald- 
win, chairman, District Council of Defense. District Building, Room 
504, Washington, D. C. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Governors Island, N. Y. 

Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, Washington. D. C. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, Washington, D. C. 

Federal Reserve Bank, Richmond, Va. 

Federal Land Bank, Baltimore, Md. 

Women's Chairman: Mrs. Archibald Hopkins, 1826 Massachusetts 
Avenue. 

Labor Bureaus : United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. Frank 
C. Daniel, Principal of McKinley Manual graining High School, 
Washington, D. C. 



State Registers. 



207 



Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 
Washington — 

Commandant Army Medical School. 

Maj. Abraham B. Hooe, Medical Reserve Corps, 1220 Six- 
teenth Street NW., president (local only). 

(9) FLORIDA. 

" Food Preparedness " Commission, Prof. P. H. Rolfs, president, 

Gainesville, Fla. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Charleston, S. C. 
Naval District Headquarters, 1 Navy Yard, Charleston. S. C. 
Naval District Headquarters, 1 Naval Station, Key West, Fla. 
Naval District Headquarters, 1 Navy Yard, New Orleans, La. 
€ivil Service District Headquarters, Atlanta, Ga. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta, Ga. 
Federal Land Bank, Columbia, S. C. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. William Hooker, Ocala. 

Labor Bureau, Jacksonville: State labor inspector, J. C. Privett, 

Room 6, Baldwin Building. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 
Fort Barrancas, the surgeon. 

Jacksonville, Capt. Graham E. Henson, Medical Reserve Corps, 

St. James Building. 
Key West Barracks, the surgeon. 

Tampa, Lieut. E. H. McRae, Medical Reserve Corps. Ameri- 
can Bank Building. 

(10) GEORGIA. 

Official representative State Council of Defense. Hon. N. E. Harris, 

chairman State Council of Defense, Atlanta, Ga. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Charleston, S. C. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, Charleston. S. C. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Atlanta. Ga. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta, Ga. 
Federal Land Bank, Columbia. S. C. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Samuel M. Daman, 552 Peachtree 

Street, Atlanta. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Augusta, Maj. Eugene E. Murphy. Medical Reserve Corps, 432 

Telfair Street. 
Fort McPherson, the surgeon. 
Fort Oglethorpe, the surgeon. 
Fort Screven, the surgeon. 

(11) IDAHO. 

Official representative State Council of Defense. Mr. Joseph Hansen, 

secretary Idaho Council of Defense, Boise, Idaho. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, Puget Sound. Wash. 
Civil Service District Headquarters. Seattle. Wash. 

1 See paragraph 295. 



208 



State Registers. 



Federal Reserve Bank, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Land Bank, Spokane, Wash. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Samuel N. Hays, 612 Franklin Street, 

Boise. 
Labor Bureaus: 
Boise — 

Farm Markets Department, Harvey Alfred, director. 
Labor Commission, W. J. A. McVety, commissioner. 
Minimum-Wage Commission, Harry W. Fulton, chairman. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board, Boise, Lieut. Col. Marshall 
W. Wood, United States Army (retired). 

(12) ILLINOIS. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Mr. Samuel Insull, 
chairman State Council of Defense, 120 West Adams Street, Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 

in. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, Chicago 111. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Chicago, 111. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 St. Louis, Mo. 
Federal Land Bank, St. Louis, Mo. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, 120 West Adams 

Street, Chicago. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Chicago, State Board of Arbitration, Leo. J. Winiecki, chair- 
man, 2142 Clybourne Avenue. 

Springfield, Department of Labor, Barney Cohen, director. 

Chicago, East St. Louis, Moline, Peoria, Rockford, Rock Island, 
and Springfield, Public Employment Bureaus, Luke D. Mc- 
Coy, secretary, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Springfield, 111. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Chicago, Maj. John A. Hornsby, Medical Reserve Corps, 111 
West Washington Street (president). 

Mount Vernon, Capt. William H. Gilmore, Medical Reserve 
Corps. 

Springfield, Capt. George N. Kreider, Medical Reserve Corps, 

522 dlpitol Avenue. 
Spring Valley, Lieut. J. H. Franklin, Medical Reserve Corps. 

(13) INDIANA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Will H. Hays, 

chairman, 83 State House, Indianapolis, Ind. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 
111. 



1 See map, page 253. 



State Registers. 



209 



Civil Service District Headquarters, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Chicago, 111. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 St. Louis, Mo. 
Federal Land Bank, Louisville, Ky. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Carolyn Fairbanks, 310 West Berry 

Street, Fort Wayne. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Evansville, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, South Bend, and Terre 
Haute, Public Employment Bureaus ; Henry A. Roberts, chief 
Indianapolis. 
Indianapolis — 

Bureau of Statistics, Henry A. Roberts, chief, Indianapolis. 
Industrial Board, Samuel R. Artman, chairman, Rooms 
31-34 State Capitol, Indianapolis. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. Isaac D. Strauss, 
Ligonier. 

Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 
Fort Benjamin Harrison, the surgeon. 

Indianapolis, Maj. George M. Wells, retired, Medical Corps, 
622 Hume-Mansur Building (president). 

(14) IOWA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Guy E. Logan, 

secretary Iowa Council for Defense, Des Moines, Iowa. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 
Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, St. Paul, Minn. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Chicago, 111. 
Federal Land Banks, Omaha, Nebr. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Francis E. Whitley, Webster City. 

Labor Bureaus: 

Des Moines, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mr. A. L. Urick, com- 
missioner, Public Employment Bureau ; Mr. John C. Nietzel, 
chief clerk. 

Workmen's Compensation Service, Mr. A. B. Funk, commis- 
sioner. 

Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board, Fort Des Moines, the sur- 
geon. 

(15) KANSAS. 

Official representative, Kansas Council of Defense, Dr. H. J. Waters, 

chairman, Manhattan, Kans. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 
111. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, St. Louis, Mo. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Kansas City, Kans. 
Federal Land Bank, Wichita, Kans. 



1 See map, page 253. 



210 



State Registers. 



Women's State Chairman: Mrs. David A. Mill vane, Topeka. 
Labor Bureaus: 
Topeka — 

Department of Labor and Industry, Mr. P. J. McBride, com- 
missioner, State House. 

Free Employment Office, Mr. Charles H. Darner. 

Industrial Welfare Commission, Mr. P. J. McBride, chair- 
man. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve. Mr. William L. Porter, 
city commissioner, Topeka, Kans. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

East Hutchinson, Lieut. Herbert L. Scales, 506 Avenue A. 
Fort Riley, the surgeon. 

Leavenworth, Lieut. James R. Langworthy, Medical Reserve 
Corps, Ryan Building. 

(16) KENTUCKY. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Embry L. Swear- 
ingen, chairman, Kentucky State Council of Defense, care of First 
National Bank, Louisville, Ky. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 
111. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Federal Reserve Bank, 1 St. Louis, Mo. 

Federal Reserve Bank, Cleveland, 1 Ohio. 

Federal Land Bank, Louisville, Ky. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Helm Bruce, Louisville. 

Labor Bureaus: 

Frankfort — 

Department of Agriculture, Labor, and Statistics, Mr. Mat 

C. Cohen, commissioner. 
Workmen's Compensation Board, Mr. Alexander Gilmour, 

secretary. 

Louisville, Public Employment Bureau. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Ashland, Lieut. John W. Stephenson, Medical Reserve Corps. 
Bowling Green, Maj. Arthur T. McCormick, Medical Reserve 
Corps. 

Louisville, Capt. Frank T. Fort, Medical Reserve Corps, " The 
Atherton." 

(17) LOUISIANA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Hon. R. G. Pleasant, 

Governor of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, La. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Charleston, S. C. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, New Orleans, La. 



1 See map, page 253. 



State Registers. 



211 



Civil Service District Headquarters, New Orleans, La. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Atlanta, Ga. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Dallas, Tex. 
Federal Land Bank, New Orleans, La. 

Women's State Chairman: Miss Hilda Phelps, New Orleans. 
Labor Bureau, Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, Mr. Frank 
E. Wood, Commissioner, 626 Anderson Building, New Orleans, La. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Baton Rouge, Capt. Charles McVea, Medical Reserve Corps. 

Jackson Barracks, the surgeon. 

New Orleans, Maj. Isadore Dyer, Medical Reserve Corps, 124 

Baronne Street, president. 
Shreveport, Capt. T. P. Sloyd, Medical Reserve Corps. 

(18) MAINE. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense,' Mr. Harold M. 

Sewall, chairman, committee on public safety, Augusta, Me. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Land Bank, Springfield, Mass. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Frederick H. Abbott. Saco. 

Auburn, State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Mr. Alden 

M. Flagg, secretary. 
Augusta — 

Department of Labor and Industry, Mr. Roscoe A. Eddy, 
commissioner. 

Industrial Accident Commission, Mr. Eben F. Littlefield, . 
chairman. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve. Mr. Jefferson C. Smith, 
director general of boy labor, Waterville, Me. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Brunswick, Lieut. F. N. Whittier, Medical Reserve Corps, Bow- 
doin College. 

Fort Williams, the surgeon. 

Portland, Dr. William L. Cousins, 231 Woodford Street. 
(19) MARYLAND. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Gen. Carl R. Gray, 
chairman Maryland Preparedness and Survey Commission. Balti- 
more, Md. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Governors Island, N. Y. 
Naval District Headquarters, Citizens' Bank Building, Norfolk, Ya. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Richmond, Va. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Philadelphia, Pa. 
Federal Land Bank, Baltimore, Md. 



1 See map, page 233. 



212 



State Registers. 



Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, 522 Park 

Avenue, Baltimore. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Baltimore, State Board of Labor and Statistics, Charles J. Fox, 

chairman, 300 Equitable Building. 
State Industrial Accident Commissioner, J. Milton Reifsnider, 

chairman. 

United States Boys' Woiking Reserve, Mr. F. W. Holden, Balti- 
more, Md. 

Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Baltimore, Capt. John S. Davis, Medical Reserve Corps, 1200 
Cathedral Street. 

(20) MASSACHUSETTS. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Mr. James J. S tor- 
row, chairman Committee on Public Safety, Boston, Mass. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, Boston, Mass. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Land Bank, Springfield, Mass. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer, State House, 

Boston. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Boston, Worcester, and Springfield, Free Employment Offices, 

Charles F. Gettemy, director Bureau of Statistics. 
Boston — 

State Board of Labor and Industries, Alfred W. Donovan, 

chairman, New Albion Building, 1 Beacon Street. 
Industrial Accident Board, William W. Kennard, chairman. 
State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Bernard F. 

Supple, secretary, Room 128, State House. 
Minimum Wage Commission, Edwin N. Bartlett, chairman, 
New Albion Building, 1 Beacon Street. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Boston, Maj. Horace D. Arnold, Medical Reserve Corps, Har- 
vard University Graduate School of Medicine (president). 
Fort Banks, the surgeon. 

Springfield, Lieut. Charles F. Lynch, Medical Reserve Corps, 
387 Main Street. 

(21) MICHIGAN. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Mr. R. C. Vander- 

cook, secretary War Preparedness Board, Lansing, Mich. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 
111. 



State Registers. 



213 



Civil Service District Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Chicago, 111. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Minneapolis, Minn. 
Federal Land Bank, St. Paul, Minn. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Caroline B. Crane, Kalamazoo. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Battle Creek, Bay City, Detroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, Jackson, 
Kalamazoo, Lansing, Muskegon, and Saginaw, Public Em- 
ployment Bureaus, R. H. Fletcher, commissioner Depart- 
ment of Labor, Lansing, Mich. 
Ionia, Herbert E. Powell, Commissioner of Mediation and Con- 
ciliation. 

Lansing, Industrial Accident Board, William M. Smith, chair- 
man. 

Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Ann Arbor, Lieut. Reuben Peterson, Medical Reserve Corps, 

University of Michigan Medical School, president. 
Battle Creek, Capt. W. H. Haughey, Medical Reserve Corps. 
Detroit, Capt. C. D. Brooks, Medical Reserve Corps, David 

Whitney Building. 
Marquette, Lieut. A. W. Hornbogea, Medical Reserve Corps. 
Sault Ste. Marie, Lieut. Hugh McGaughey. 

(32) MINNESOTA. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Hon. J. A. A. Burn- 
quist, chairman Minnesota Commission of Public Safety, State 
Capitol, St. Paul, Minn. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 

in. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, St. Paul, Minn. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Federal Land Bank, St. Paul, Minn.. 
Labor Bureaus: 

Duluth, Minneapolis, and St. Paul, Employment Bureaus, Mr. 
W. F. Houk, commissioner Department of Labor and Indus- 
tries, St. Paul, Minn. 
Minneapolis, State Board of Arbitration, Mr. H. M. Leighton, 

127 Tenth Street. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. D. D. Tescohier, 
Public Employment Bureau, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 
Fort Snelling, the surgeon. 

Minneapolis, Lieut. James F. Corbett, Medical Reserve Corps, 

4401 East Lake Harriett Boulevard, president. 
Rochester, Maj. Charles W. Mayo, Mayo Clinic. 
Winona, Lieut. Hugh McGaughey. 
106006°— 17 15 



214 



State Registers. 



(23) MISSISSIPPI. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Hon. Theodore G. 

Bilbo, chairman, Jackson, Miss. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Charleston. S. C. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, New Orleans, La. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Atlanta, Ga. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Atlanta, Ga. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 St. Louis, Mo. 
Federal Land Bank, New Orleans, La. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Edward McGehee. Como. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Hattiesburgh, Capt. W. W. Crawford, Medical Reserve Corps. 

Meridian, Lieut. I. W. Cooper, Medical Reserve Corps. 

Vicksburg, Capt. J. S. Ewing, Medical Reserve Corps. 

Winona, Ma.i. J. W. Barksdale, Medical Reserve Corps. 

(24) MISSOURI. 

Official representative. State Council of Defense, Mr. F. B. Mumford, 

chairman, Missouri Council of Defense, Columbia, Mo. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 
111. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, St. Louis, Mo. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 St. Louis, Mo. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Kansas City, Kans. 
Federal Land Bank, St. Louis, Mo. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. B. F. Bush, 905 Locust Street, St. 

Louis, Mo. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Jefferson City, Kansas City. St. Joseph, and St. Louis. Employ- 
ment Bureaus, William H. Lewis, commissioner, Bureau of 
Labor Statistics, Jefferson City. 

Moberly, State Board of Mediation and Conciliation, C. B. 
Dysart, chairman. 

St. Louis, Department of Factory Inspection, A. Sidney John- 
son, chief inspector, Boatman's Bank Building. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve. Mr. W. W. Lamkin, 
State Superintendent of Schools, Jefferson City. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Columbia, Maj, Mazyck H. Ravenel, Medical Reserve Corps, 
University of Missouri. 

Fort Williams, the surgeon. 

Jefferson Barracks, the surgeon. 

Kansas City, Maj. J. F. Binnie, Medical Reserve Corps, Rialto 
Building. 

Springfield, Capt. Joseph W. Love, Medical Reserve Corps. 



1 See map, page 253. 



State Registers, 



215 



Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board — Continued. 
St. Charles, Dr. Frank J. Tainter. 
St, Joseph, Dr. Daniel Morton. 

St. Louis, Capt. William H. Luedde, Medical Reserve Corps, 
president, 311 Metropolitan Building. 

(25) MONTANA, 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Hon. S. V. Stewart, 

chairman State Council of Defense, Helena, Mont. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, San Francisco, Gal. 
Naval District Headquarters, navy yard. Paget Sound, Wash. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Seattle, Wash. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Federal Land Bank, Spokane, Wash. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Tyler B. TllompSOfi, Missoula. 
Lahor Bureaus : 
Helena — 

Department of Lahor and Industry. W. .7. Swindlehurst, 

commissioner. 
Industrial Accident Board. A. E. Spriggs, chairman. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. L. R. Foote, deputy 
State superintendent of puhlic instruction, Helena, Mont. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 
Fort Missoula, the surgeon. 

Helena, Mai William C. Riddell, Medical Reserve Cups, 504 
Dearborn Avenue. 

(26) NEBRASKA. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Mr. Robert M. Joyce, 
chairman Nebraska State Council of Defense, 308 Fraternity Build- 
ing, Lincoln, Nebr. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, III. 
Civil Service Headquarters District, St. Paul. Minn. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Kansas City, Kans. 
Federal Land Bank. Omaha. Nebr. 

Women's State Chairman : Miss Sarka B. Hrbkova. ia~ M. Arts Hall, 

State University, Lincoln. 
Labor Bureaus : 
Lincoln — 

Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, deputy commis- 
sioner, George E. Norman. 
Minimum-Wage Commission. Mr. George E. Norman. 
Omaha, Board of Mediation and Investigation, Mr. Robert B. 
Cowell. 

Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board; 

Lincoln, Capt. L. B. Sturdevant, Medical Reserve Corps, 2757 

Holdredge Street. 
Omaha, Col. John M. Banister, United States Army, retired. 

400 Brandeis Theater Building, 



216 



State Registers. 



(27) NEVADA. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Hon. Emmet D. 

Boyle, chairman Committee on Public Safety, Carson City, Nev. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Naval District Headquarters, 417 Sheldon Building, San Francisco, 

Cal. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Reserve Bank, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Land Bank, Berkeley, Cal. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. P. Buckner Ellis, Carson City. 
Labor Bureaus: 

Carson City — 

Commissioner of Labor, Mr. William E. Wallace. 
Industrial Commission, Mr. George D. Smith, chairman. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Reno, Lieut. Raymond St. Clair, Medical Reserve Corps, Nixon 
Building. 

(28) NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. John B. Jame- 
son, chairman, Committee on Public Safety, Concord, N. H. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, Boston, Mass. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Land Bank, Springfield, Mass. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Mary I. Wood, Portsmouth. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Concord, Bureau of Labor, Commissioner John S. B. Davie. 
Portsmouth, State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Mr. 
John H. Neal, chairman. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Hanover, Capt. Percy Bartlett, Medical Reserve Corps. 
Manchester, Capt. J. Franklin Robinson, Medical Reserve 
Corps. 

Nashua, Lieut. A. W. Shea, Medical Reserve Corps. 

(29) NEW JERSEY. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Thomas L. Ray- 
mond, chairman, New Jersey Committee on Public Safety, Trenton, 
N. J. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Governors Island, N. Y. 

Naval District Headquarters, 1 Navy Yard, N. Y. 

Naval District Headquarters, 1 Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Federal Reserve Bank, 2 New York, N. Y. 

Federal Reserve Bank, 2 Philadelphia, Pa. 

Federal Land Bank, Springfield, Mass. 



1 See paragraph 290. 



2 See map, page 253. 



State Registers. 



217 



Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Charles Yv 7 . Stockton, Rklgewood. 
Labor Bureaus: 

East Orange, Jersey City, and Newark, Employment Bureaus, 
Mr. Joseph Spitz, director, No. 804 Ordway Building, Newark. 

Trenton, Department of Labor, Col. Lewis T. Bryant, commis- 
sioner. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve, Col. Lewis T. Bryant, 

Commissioner of Labor, Trenton. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Atlantic City, Dr. Gurney Williams, 3915 Atlantic Avenue. 
Newark, Capt. David A. Kraker, Medical Reserve Corps, 236 

Broad Street. 

(30) NEW MEXICO. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Phil. H. LeNoir, 
general secretary, Council of Defense of State of New Mexico, 
Santa Fe, N. Mex. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 

Naval District Headquarters, 417 Sheldon Building, San Francisco, 
Cal. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Dallas, Tex. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Kansas City, Ivans. 
Federal Land Bank, Wichita, Kans. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Washington E. Lindsey, Santa Fe. 
Labor Bureau, United States Boys' Working Reserve, Prof. J. H. 

Wagner, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Santa Fe, 

N. Mex. 

Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board, Fort Bayard, the Com- 
manding Officer. 

(31) NEW YORK. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, L. W. Stotesbury, 

the Adjutant General, Albany, N. Y. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Governors Island, N. Y. 
Naval District Headquarters, 2 Navy Yard, N. Y. 

Naval District Headquarters, 2 Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 
111. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, New York, N. Y. 
Federal Reserve Bank, New York, N. Y. 
Federal Land Bank, Springfield, Mass. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Wm. Grant Brown, Hotel Astor, New 
York. 



1 See paragraph 295. 



2 See map, page 2o3.. 



218 



State Registers. 



Labor Bureaus : 

Albany, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse, Bureau of 
Employment, Mr. Charles B. Barnes, director, 230 Fifth 
Avenue, New York, N. Y. 

Albany, State Industrial Commission, Mr. John Mitchell, chair- 
man ; State Bureau of Mediation and Arbitration, Mr. Frank 
B. Thorn, chief. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve. Dr. David Snedden, Co- 
lumbia University, New York, N. Y. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Albany, Maj. Henry L. M. Shaw, Medical Reserve Corps, 361 
State Street, president. 

Buffalo, Capt. Herbert A. Smith, Medical Reserve Corps, 586 
Delaware Avenue. 

Plattsburg, the Surgeon. 

New York, Maj. Henry C. Coe, Medical Reserve Corps, Academy 

of Medicine, 17 West Forty-third Street. 
New York, Simon Flexner, 150 East Sixty-first Street. 
Rochester, Maj. John M. Swan, Medical Reserve Corps, 457 

Park Avenue. 

Syracuse, First Lieut. Brewster Donst, Medical Reserve Corps, 
641 Park Avenue. 

(32) NOETK CABOXXNA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. W. S. Wilson, 

secretary, North Carolina Council of Defense, Raleigh, N. G. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Charleston, S. C. 
Naval District Headquarters, 1 Citizens Bank Building, Norfolk. Va. 
Naval District Headquarters, 1 Navy Yard, Charleston, S. C. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Washington, D. C. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Richmond, Va. 
Federal Land Bank, Columbia, S. C. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Eugene Reilly, Charlotte. 
Labor Bureau: 

Raleigh, Department of Labor and Printing, Commissioner M. 
L. Shipman. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. T. E. Browne, 
Raleigh, N. C. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 
Fort Caswell, the Surgeon. 

Greensboro, Maj, John W. Long, Medical Reserve Corps, 119 
Church Street. 

(33) NOStTH DAKOTA, 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Dr. Y. H. Stickney, 

chairman, State Council of Defense, Bismarck, N. Dak. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 
111. 



1 See paragraph 295. 



State Registers. 



219 



Civil Service District Headquarters, St. Paul, Minn. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Federal Land Bank, St. Paul, Minn. 
Women's State Chairman : Mrs. H. C. Tick, Cavalier. 
Labor Bureau : 

Eismarck, Department of Agriculture and Labor, Oosaottnissioner 
J. N. Hagan. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve, Prof. E. F. Chandler, 
University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N. Dak. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board, Bismarck, Lieut. Albert M. 
Fisher, Medical Reserve Corps. 

(34) OHIO. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Hon. James M. Cox, 

governor of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. 
Departmental Army Headquarters. Chicago. 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 
111. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, Cincinnati. Ohio. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Federal Land Bank, Louisville, Ny. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. George Zimmerman, 224 Birch;. rl 

Street, Fremont. 
Labor Bureaus: 

Akron, Athens, Canton, Chillicothe. Cincinnati. Cleveland. Co- 
lumbus, Dayton, Hamilton, Lima, Mansfield, Marietta. 
Marion, Portsmouth, Springfield, Steubenville, Tiffin, Toledo, 
Washington Courthouse, Youngstovn. and Zanesville, Public 
Employment Bureaus, George G. Miles, Chief Statistician, 
Columbus, Ohio. 

Columbus, Industrial Commission. Wallace D. Yaple. commis- 
sioner. 

Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Cincinnati, Maj. Robert D. Maddox, Medical Reserve Corps, 

4 Y\ T est Seventh Street. 
Cleveland, Capt. Harry G. Sloan, Medical Reserve Corps, 1021 

Prospect Avenue SE. 
Columbus Barracks, the surgeon. 

(35) OKLAHOMA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. J. M. Aydelotte, 
chairman, State Council of Defense, 218 Mercantile Building, Okla- 
homa City, Okla. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Fort Sam Houston, Tex, 

Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, New Orleans. La. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, St. Louis, Mo. 

Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Kansas City, Kans. 

Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Dallas, Tex. 



1 See map, page 253. 



220 



State Registers. 



Federal Land Bank, Wichita, Kans. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Eugene B. Lawson, Nowata. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Enid, Muskogee, Oklahoma City, and Tulsa, Employment Bu- 
reaus, W. O. Hudson, Statistician Department of Labor, 
Oklahoma City, Okla. 
Oklahoma City, Department of Labor, W. G. Ashton, commis- 
sioner. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve, Dr. Stratton D. Brooks, 
Norman, Okla. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 
Fort Sill, the surgeon. 

Oklahoma City, Lieut. Rex. G, Boland, Medical Reserve Corps, 
1524 West Twenty-ninth Street. 

(36) OREGON. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Mr. Henry L. Cor- 

bett, chairman State Council of Defense, Portland, Oreg. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Naval District Headquarters, navy yard, Puget Sound, Wash. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Seattle, Wash. 
Federal Reserve Bank, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Land Bank, Spokane, Wash. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Charles H. Castner, Hood River, 

Oreg. 
Labor Bureaus: 

Portland, Board of Inspectors of Child Labor, Stephen G. 
Smith, chairman; Industrial Welfare Commission, E. B. 
McNaughton, chairman, 646-648 Court House. 
Salem, Bureau of Labor, O. P. Hoff , commissioner ; State Indus- 
trial Accident Commission, Harvey Beckwith, chairman. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. J. E. Brokway, Port- 
land, Oreg. 

(37) PENNSYLVANIA. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Mr. Sydney P. Clark, ( 
secretary Committee of Public Safety, Finance Building, Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Governors Island, N. Y. 
Naval District Headquarters, navy yard, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Federal Reserve Bank. 1 Philadelphia, Pa. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Cleveland, Ohio. 
Federal Land Bank, Baltimore, Md. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Chestnut Hill. 



1 See map, page 253. 



State Registers. 



221 



Labor Bureaus : 

Harrisburg, Department of Labor and Industry, John Price 
Jackson, commissioner ; Workmen's Compensation Board, 
Harry A. Mackey, chairman ; State Bureau of Mediation and 
Arbitration, Patrick Gilday, chief ; Industrial Commission, 
John Price Jackson, chairman. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. John C. Frazee, pub- 
lic schools director of vocational work, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Harrisburg, Capt. Benjamin F. Royer, Medical Reserve Corps, 
Donaldson Apartments. 

Philadelphia, Maj. Elijah H. Siter, Medical Reserve Corps, 1818 
South Rittenhouse Square, president. 

Pittsburgh, Maj. John W. Boyce, .Medical Reserve Corps, Em- 
pire Building, president. 

Scranton, Lieut. J. May hew Wainwright, 516 Spruce Street. 

(38) RHODE ISLAND. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. John E. Mar- 
shall, executive secretary, Rhode Island Council of Defense, State- 
house, Providence, R. I. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Newport, R. I. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Land Bank, Springfield, Mass. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Rush Sturges Greenwich, 110 Benevo- 
lent Street, Providence. 
Labor Bureaus: 
Providence 

Public Employment Bureau, James Farley, superintendent, 
524 Westminster Street. 

Bureau' of Industrial Statistics, G. H. Webb, commissioner. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. Donald Worth, 

Providence, R. I. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Newport, Lieut. Charles D. Easton, Medical Reserve Corps, 

36 Atrault Street. 
Pawtucket, Capt. James L. Wheaton, 210 Main Street. 
Providence, Maj. John W. Keefe, 262 Blackstone Building. 

(39) SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. David R. Coker, 

chairman, Council for Defense, Hartsville, S. C. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Charleston, S. C. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, Charleston, S. C. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Atlanta, Ga. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Richmond, Va. 
Federal Land Bank, Columbia, S. C. 



222 



State Registers. 



Women's State Chairman: Mrs. F. Louise Mayes, Greenville. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Columbia, Department of Agriculture, Commerce and Indus- 
try, Col. E. J. Watson, commissioner. 

Spartansburg, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, John A. 
Law, chairman. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Charleston, Col. A. M. Stark, Marine Corps. 

Columbia, Lieut. Francis A. Coward, Medical Reserve Corps. 

Fort Moultrie, the Surgeon. 

<4S) SO¥TH DAKOTA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Charles H. An- 
derson, chairman, Pierre, S. Dak. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 111. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, St. Paul, Minn. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Federal Land Bank, Omaha, Nebr. 

Women's State Chairman: Dr. Helen F. Peabody, Sioux Falls. 
Labor 'Bureau : 

Pierre, State industrial commissioner, Mr. Charles McCaffree, 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. Ward A. Ostrander, 
State farm help specialist, Pierre, S. Dak. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Aberdeen, Lieut. William E. Clark, 519 Seventh Avenue SE. 
Sturgis, Capt. J. D. Brooks, Medical Reserve Corps. 

(41) TENNESSEE. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Rutledge Smith, 

chairman, State Council of Defense, Nashville, Tenn. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Charleston, S. C. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, New Orleans, La. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Atlanta, Ga. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Atlanta, Ga. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 St. Louis, Mo. 
Federal Land Bank, Louisville, Ky. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. G. W, Denney, Knoxville. 
Labor Bureau : Nashville, Department of Workshop and Factory In- 
spection, W. L. Mitchell, chief inspector. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Memphis, Maj. Frank D. Smythe, Medical Reserve Corps, 554 

East Street. 
Nashville, Maj. Lucius E. Bureh, Eve Building. 



1 See map, page 253. 



State Registers* 



223 



(42) TEXAS. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Judge J. F. Carl, 
secretary, Texas State Council of Defense, 521 Bedell Building, San 
Antonio, Tex. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, New Orleans, La. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, New Orleans, La. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Dallas, Tex. 
Federal Land Bank, Houston, Tex. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. Fred Fleming, 1934 N. Carroll Avenue, 

Dallas. 
Labor Bureau: 
Austin — 

Bureau of Labor Statistics*, C. W. Woodman, commissioner. 
Industrial Accident Board, T. H. McGregor, chairman. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. T. C. Jennings. De- 
partment of Labor, Austin, Tex. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 

Austin, Capt. Albert F. Beverly, 311 West Thirteenth Street. 
Dallas, Capt. Edgar W. Loomis, Medical Reserve Corps, 23*3 

Page Avenue. 
Fort Bliss, commanding officer, base hospital. 
Fort Crockett, the surgeon. 

Fort Sam Houston, commanding officer, base hospital. 
(43) UTAH. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. W. C. Ebaugh, 
secretary, Council of Defense, 809 Kearns Building, Salt Lake City, 
Utah. 

Departmental Army Headquarters, San Francisco, Gal. 
Naval District Headquarters, 417 Sheldon Building, San Francisco, 
Cat. 

Civil Service District Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Reserve Bank, San Francisco, Cal. 
Federal Land Bank, Berkeley. Cal. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. W. M. Williams, Bishop Building, 

Salt Lake City. 
Labor Bureau : 

Salt Lake City Industrial Commission, P. A. Thatcher, chair- 
man. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. J. Edward Taylor, 
Salt Lake City, Utah. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : Fort Douglas, the surgeon. 

(44) VERMONT. 

Official representative State Council of Defense. Fred A. Howland, 
secretary Vermont Committee of Public Safety, Montpelier. Vt. 



224 



State Registers. 



Departmental Army Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Boston, Mass. 
Federal Land Bank, Springfield, Mass, 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. Jno. E, Weeks, 93 Maple Street, 

Middlebury. 
Labor Bureaus: 

Montpelier, commissioner of industries, Robert W. Simonds. 
Rutland, State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Henry C. 
Brislis. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. Clinton C. Barnes, 
Northfield, Vt. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 
Fort Ethan Allen, the surgeon. 

(45) VIRGINIA. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Col. W. M. Hunley, 

secretary, Richmond, Va. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Governors Island, N. Y. 
Naval District Headquarters, Citizen's Bank Building, Norfolk, Va. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Washington, D. C. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Richmond, Va. 
Federal Land Bank, Baltimore, Md. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. B. B. Mumford, 503 E. Grace Street, 

Richmond. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Richmond, Board of Labor and Industrial Statistics, J. B. 

Doherty, commissioner. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Mr. Charles L. Weaver, 
Richmond Council Boy Scouts of America, Richmond, Va. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 
Fort Monroe, the surgeon. 

Norfolk, Lieut. Burnley Lankford, Medical Reserve Corps, 530 
Shirley Avenue. 

Richmond, Maj. Stuart McGuire, Medical Reserve Corps, 512 

Grace Street East (president). 
Roanoke, Lieut. H. J. Hagan, Medical Reserve Corps. 
Washington, Maj. W. D. Webb, Marine Corps, 1803 Connecticut 

Avenue NW. (University of Virginia). 

(46) WASHINGTON. 

Official representative State Council of Defense, Hon. Ernest Lister, 

Governor of Washington, Olympia, Wash. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Naval District Headquarters, navy yard, Puget Sound, Wash. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Seattle, Wash. 
Federal Reserve Bank, San Francisco, Cal. 



State Registers. 



225 



Federal Land Bank, Spokane, Wash. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. W. R. Smith, Cobb Building, Seattle. 
Labor Bureaus: 
Olympia — 

Bureau of Labor, C. Y. Younger, commissioner. 
Industrial Insurance Department, John M. Wilson, chair- 
man. 

Seattle, Industrial Welfare Commission, Mrs. Jackson Silbaugh, 
chairman, 1313 Sunset Avenue. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board: 
Fort George Wright, the surgeon. 

Seattle, Capt. Ira A. Brown, Medical Reserve Corps, 901 

Seventh Avenue. 
Vancouver Barracks, the surgeon. 

(47) WEST VIRGINIA. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. H. D. Hatfield, 

chairman, Executive Committee State Council, Charleston, W. Va. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago. 111. 
Naval District Headquarters, Citizen's Bank Building, Norfolk, Va. 
Civil Service District Headquarters, Washington, D. C. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Richmond, Va. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Cleveland, Ohio. 
Federal Land Bank, Baltimore, Md. 

Women's State Chairman: Mrs. J. G. Cochran, 1016 Market Street, 

Parkersburg. 
Labor Bureaus: 

Charleston — 

Bureau of Labor, Samuel B. Montgomery, commissioner. 
State Compensation Commission, Lee Ott, commissioner. 
United States Boys' Working Reserve, Hon. Houston G. Young, 
Secretary of State, Charleston, W. Va. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Charleston, Maj. John E. Cannaday, Medical Reserve Corps, 

Capital City Bank. 
Huntington, Capt. J. Ross Hunter, Medical Reserve Corps. 
Wheeling, Lieut. William H. McClain, Medical Reserve Corps, 
83 Twelfth Street. 

(48) WISCONSIN. 

Official representative, State Council of Defense, Mr. Magnus Swen- 

son, chairman, State Council of Defense, Madison, Wis. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, Chicago, 111. 

Naval District Headquarters, Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, 
111. 



1 See map, page 253. 



State Registers. 



Civil Service District Headquarters, Chicago, HI. 
Federal Reserve Bank, 1 Chicago, 111. 
Federal Reserve Bank. 1 Minneapolis, Minn. 
Federal Land Bank, St. Paul. Minn. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. H. EL Morgan, State House, Madison. 
Labor Bureaus : 

La Crosse, Madison, Milwaukee. Oshkosh. and Superior, Em- 
ployment Bureaus, E. E. White, secretary, Madison. 

Madison. Industrial Commission. J. D. Beck, chairman. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve. Dean Louis E. Reber, 
University of Wisconsin, Madison. Wis. 
Medical Reserve Corps Examining Board : 

Milwaukee, Capt. C. V. I. Brown, Medical Reserve Corps, 349 
Prospect Avenue, president. 

Sheboygan, Maj. E, J. Barrett. Medical Reserve Corps. 

(49) WYOMING. 

Official representative. State Council of Defense. Mr. Henry G. Knight, 

chairman, Cheyenne, Wyo. 
Departmental Army Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. 
Naval District Headquarters, Navy Yard, Paget Sound. Wash. 
Civil Service District Headquarters. Seattle, Wash. 
Federal Reserve Bank, Kansas City. Kans. 
Federal Land Bank, Omaha, Nebr. 

Women's State Chairman : Mrs. R. (X Morton. Cheyenne. 
Labor Bureaus : 

Cheyenne — 

Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Commissioner Ed. P. 
Taylor. 

' Compensation Commission, Miss Eunice Anderson, secre- 
tary, box 617. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve. Mr. Ed. P. Taylor, 
Cheyenne. 



1 See map, page 253. 



BIBLIOGRAPHIES. 



Numerous lists of books in connection with war activities or 
having particular interest in view of the war have been published. 
Some specific references to these lists are given below, and a very 
brief bibliography of military and naval publications is also appended. 
Particular attention is called to Government publications, and the price 
lists for them which may be obtained upon request, from the superin- 
tendent of documents (see below). A booklet compiled under the 
direction of Mr. Herman H. B. Meyer, chief bibliographer of the 
Library of Congress, entitled "The United States at War; Organi- 
zations and Literature," not only gives references to general bibliog- 
raphies, but also mentions the literature published by many unofficial 
voluntary organizations doing important war work. 

GENERAL LISTS. 

• The best statement of the war literature published in the United 
States will be found in the publications of the H. W. Wilson Co., 
" Cumulative book index " and " Readers* guide to periodical litera- 
ture," 1914 to date. 

General lists have appeared in the New York Times Book Review, 
April 15, 1917, pages 152-154, covering the past sis months. Sheip's 
"Handbook of the European war," published by the H. W. Wilson 
Co., White Plains, N. Y., is a collection of essays, extracts from books, 
speeches, etc., of which a second volume by Bingham has appeared. 
Miss Corinne Bacon's list appears in the first volume and has been 
reprinted as " Best books on the war ; an annotated list." (25 cents.) 
The most extensive general list in English is that edited by F. W. T. 
Lange and W. T. Berry. "Books on the great war; an annotated 
bibliography of literature issued during the European conflict." pub- 
lished by Grafton & Co., London. Five parts have so far appeared. 
Mention should also be made of "List of publications bearing on the 
war," published by the Central Committee for national patriotic 
organizations. Three of these, compiled by Mr. G. "NY. Prothero. have 
appeared, the third with the assistance of Mr. Alex. .1. Philip. 

A special bibliography has been issued by the Library of Congress 
on " Europe and international politics." dealing with the preliminaries 
leading up to the war and with various international questions inci- 
dent to the war. 

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. 

The Superintendent of Documents at Washington is the official with 
whom rests the distribution and sale of Government publications not 
otherwise provided for by law. He does not handle publications 

227 



228 



Bibliographies. 



which are not Government documents. In making remittances to him 
in payment for documents send a postal money order, express order, 
New York draft, or coupons. Currency may be sent at the senders 
risk. Do not send postage stamps; he can not use them. Being a 
Government official, he uses the frank in sending material through 
the mail. He can not turn the stamps in to the post office, because, 
for sanitary reasons, 'stamps once sold are not sold again. The cou- 
pons mentioned above may be purchased from the superintendent of 
documents in sets of 20 for $1, good until used. They form a con- 
venient and safe method of making remittances to those who have 
frequent occasion to send small amounts. 

The only publications sent free by the superintendent of documents 
are his Price Lists, which are lists of Government publications giving 
both title and price. Those now in active stock are published under 
these names and numbers : 

10. Laws. Federal, State, and international laws, legal decisions, and 
Court of Claims reports. 

11. Foods and Cooking. Dietary studies, nutrition, preservatives, 
food inspection, recipes, canning, cold storage. 

15. Geological Survey. Numerical list of works on geology, mineral 
resources, and water supply, with index. 

16. Farmers' Bulletins, Agriculture Department Bulletins, Yearbooks. 
Journal of Agricultural Research. Numerical lists. 

18. Engineering and Surveying. Rivers, harbors, tides, and terres- 
trial magnetism. 

19. Army and Organized Militia. Military policy, drill books, soldiers' 
pensions, aviation, preparedness. 

20. Public Domain. Land laws, conservation, homesteading, bound- 
aries, railroad land grants. 

21. Fishes. Includes fish industries and arbitrations, lobsters, oys- 
ters, and sponges. 

24. Indian. Anthropology, Indian Office reports. Ethnology Bureau 
publications, mounds and antiquities. 

25. Tranportation. Railroads, merchant marine, Postal Service and 
Parcel Post, waterways, navigation, seamen. 

28. Finance. Federal reserve banks, income tax, postal savings, emer- 
gency revenue, and foreign banking. 

31. Education. American and foreign school systems, libraries, play- 
grounds, agricultural and vocational schools. 

32. Insular Possessions. Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Guam, 
Samoa, and Cuban affairs. 

33. Labor. Arbitration, cost of living, employers' liability, old-age 
and civil-service pensions, eight-hour law, insurance, strikes. 

35. Geography and Explorations. Descriptions of various States, coun- 
tries, and their inhabitants. 

36. Government periodicals for which subscriptions are taken. 

37. Tariff. Compilations of tariff acts and Treasury Decisions, ar.d 
speeches on the tariff issue and reciprocity. 



Bibliographies. 



229 



38. Animal Industry. Domestic animals, poultry, dairying, meat in- 
spection, milk, cattle ticks, etc. 

39. Birds and Wild Animals. Biological Survey publications, North 
American Fauna, game, and mice. 

40. Chemistry. Investigations on foods, alcohol, drugs, and preserva- 
tives, etc. 

41. Insects. Entomological works on household pests and insects in- 
jurious to plants and animals ; includes also bees and honey. 

42. Agricultural Experiment Stations. Irrigation, drainage, farmers' 
institutes, water power. 

43. Forestry. Tree planting, wood tests, lumber, national forests, for- 
est products, and descriptions of trees. 

44. Plants. Fruits, vegetables, cereals, orchards, grasses, herbs, seed 
selection and importation. 

45. Roads. Experiments in making and maintaining good roads. 

46. Soils and Fertilizers. Soil surveys of various counties, soil analy- 
sis, and use of fertilizers, potash, etc. 

48. Weather. Scientific studies in climate, local records, floods, earth- 
quakes, use of kites and other instruments. 

49. Proceedings of Congress. Numerical list of the bound volumes of 
the Congressional Record, Congressional Globe, and Annals of Con- 
gress. 

50. American History and Biography. Rebellion Records, memorial 
addresses. 

51. Health, Disease, and Sanitation. Care of infants, use of disin- 
fectants, dangers from mosquitoes, rats, and water pollution. 

53. Maps. List of Government maps by various bureaus, with direc- 
tions for obtaining them. 

54. Political Science. Initiative, referendum, recall, elections, pro- 
hibition, woman suffrage, and District of Columbia. 

55. National Museum and National Academy of Sciences, reports, bul- 
letins, and proceedings. 

57. Astronomical Papers of Naval Observatory and Nautical Almanac 
Office. 

58. Mines and Mining. Issues of Mines Bureau on fuel testing, oil, 
and explosives. 

59. Interstate Commerce Commission. Reports, decisions, and regula- 
tions relative to transportation, accidents, freight rates, and valua- 
tion of railroads. 

60. Alaska. Mineral and agricultural resources, coal lands, seal fisher- 
ies, reindeer, and Eskimos. 

61. Panama Canal and Canal Zone. Descriptions of the canal, the 
country, debates ojn the tolls issue, and canal treaties. 

62. Commerce and Manufactures. Industries, patents, trusts, census. 

63. Navy. Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Revenue-Cutter Service, armor 
plate, battleships. 

64. Standards of Weight and Measure. Light, cement and concrete, 
iron and steel, electricity, radiotelegrapby. 

65. Foreign Relations. Diplomacy, international law, Mexico, Euro- 
pean War. 

106006°— 17 16 



230 



Bibliographies . 



67. Immigration. Naturalization, citizenship, Europeans, Chinese, 
Japanese, Negroes. 

68. Farm Management. Agricultural statistics, farm accounts, credits, 
marketing, and conveniences for farm homes. 

In ordering any of the above the number should be given and the 
title mentioned in full. 

The superintendent of documents also publishes a monthly cata- 
logue of United States documents covering all Government publica- 
tions. Subscription, $1.10 per year, including index. 

The laws of the United States are printed as soon as possible after 
their approval by the President and distributed to subscribers by 
the superintendent of documents. Single laws, unless unusually long, 
are 5 cents per copy. Subscriptions for laws passed at each session 
of Congress, $1. The separate laws in the first form in which they 
are printed are known as " slip laws " ; a collection of all the laws 
for a single session of Congress are known as " session laws." 

At the close of the final session of each Congress the " session laws " 
are reedited, their indexes consolidated and published in bound vol- 
umes under the title " Statutes at Large." The price of these varies 
from $2 to $3.25, depending upon the size. 

Congressional Record will be furnished by mail to subscribers free 
of postage for $1.50 per month, payable in advance ; single copies of 24 
pages or less, 3 cents each ; each additional 8 pages, 1 cent extra. 

THE COMMITTEE OX PUBLIC INFORMATION. 

The Committee on Public Information, Mr. George Creel, chairman, 
has published daily, except Sunday, from May 10, The Official Bulle- 
tin, a paper in which official announcements of all kinds are printed. 
(See paragraphs 38-40.) 

In addition the following booklets have been issued : 

The War Message and the Facts Behind It. 

How the War Came to America v (Published also in foreign lan- 
guages. ) 

The National Service Handbook (present volume). 
The Battle Line of Democracy : Prose and Poetry of the Great 
War (in press). 

War Information Series. (See paragraph 39.) 

FLAGS OF THE WORLD. 

The National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C, will issue 
within the next three months in its official organ, the National Geo- 
graphic Magazine, the only complete story of the flags of the world 
ever published. It has been prepared by Lieut. Commander Byron 
McCandless, personal aid to the Secretary of the Navy. This flag 
" anthology " will be illustrated with a remarkable series of fully 
twelve hundred flags in accurate colors, also with the seals of the 
various States in colors. The ensigns, merchant flags, standards, 
pennants, United States military and naval insignia, and flags of 
rulers of every nation in the world will be shown, together with some 
of the most historic banners of American history. 



Bibliographies* 



231 



MILITARY BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

The United States Military Academy at West Point has published a 
" Classified list of works on military and professional subjects recom- 
mended to the graduating class, United States Military Acadamy, 
by a board of officers, revised 1916." This may be had by libraries on 
request. 

The list is arranged under the headings "Administration." " Tac- 
tics," " Horses and horsemanship," "Art of war," " Transportation and 
supply," " Signaling," " Military topography," " Military engineering," 
" Fortifications," " Military hygiene," " Ordnance," " Coast Artillery," 
" Law," " Civil engineering," " River and harbor work," " Military 
history and biography," " Periodicals." 

The Engineering and Mining Journal for May 12, 1917, contains a 
list of books stated to have the authority of the Secretary of AYar. It 
consists of 62 items under the headings " Military policy," " Conduct 
of war," " Military history," " Permanent fortifications," " Field en- 
gineering," " Periodicals." 

The Government Printing Office has recently issued an important 
series of lectures by Maj. Gen. Henry G. Sharpe on the Quarter- 
master ^dorps. 

The War College Division, General Staff, United States Army, has 
published since October, 1915, "A monthly list of military informa- 
tion carded from books, periodicals, etc." This is now being sent to a 
limited list of libraries. 

The " International Military Digest," a monthly review (with 
quarterly and annual cumulations) of the current literature of mili- 
tary science is published by the Cumulative Digest Corporation, 241 
West Thirty-seventh Street, New York, at $3.50 per year, with the 
annual cumulation $5. This is more than a bibliography, as it digests 
the articles in over 80 periodicals, mostly military. 

A price list (No. 19) of Government publications on the "Army 
and Militia, Aviation and Pensions " is distributed free on request 
by the superintendent of documents, Washington, D. C. ( See above. ) 

The following is a brief selected list of military books of general 
interest : 

GENERAL HANDBOOKS FOR OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN. 

Lake, Basil Charles : Knowledge for war, every officer's handbook for 
the front. 

Harrison & Sons, London, 1916, 1 vol., octavo. 
Parker, Capt. R. M. : An officer's notes. 

G. U. Harvey, New York, 1917, 1 vol., octavo. 
Moss, James A. : Manual of military training. 

Menasha, Wis., 1914, 1 vol., octavo. 
United States War Department : Manual for noncommissioned officers 
and privates of Infantry of the Organized Militia and Yolunteers of 
the United States. 

Washington, 1914, 1 vol., octavo. 



232 



Bibliographies. 



Guild, George R. : Militia field manual. A manual designed for the 
use of the Militia and volunteer troops in the field. 

Geo. C. Banta Co., Menasha, Wis., 1915, 1 vol., octavo. 
Andrews, Lincoln Clarke : Fundamentals of military service. 

J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1916, 1 vol., octavo. 
Sutherland, Capt. S. J. : The Reserve Officers' Handbook. 

Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 

INFANTRY TRAINING. 

Army Service Schools — Department of Military Art. Problems in 
troop leading. An Infantry division. 

Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 1916, 1 vol., octavo. 
Hunt, Elvid : A manual of intensive training of the Infantry soldier, 
the Infantry noncommissioned officer, the Infantry squad. 
Honolulu, 1916, 1 vol. octavo, pp. 48. 
Caldwell, Vernon Avondale : Catechism of uniform tactical training. 

George Banta Publishing Co., Menasha, Wis., 1916, 1 vol. octavo. 
Bjorstad, Alfred William : Small problems for Infantry. 

Army Service Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 1916, 1 vol., octavo. 
Ellis, O. O., and Garey, E. B. : The Plattsburg Manual. A handbook 
for Federal training camps. 

New York, 1917, 1 vol., octavo, pp. 303. 

ARTILLERY TRAINING. 

Moretti, Capt. Onorio : Notes on training Field Artillery details. 
Yale University Press, New Haven, 1917, 1 vol., octavo. 

FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

Plumon, Eugene : Vade-mecum for the use of officers and interpreters 
in the present campaign. French and English technical and mili- 
tary terms. 

Brentano's, New York, 1917, 1 vol. octavo. 

IMPERIAL ARMY SERIES (BRITISH ARMY). 

Solano, Capt. E. J., editor. 

London, 1916, 9 vols., octavo. 
This series contains the following-named volumes : Camps, billets, 
cooking ; Drill and field training ; Field entrenchments ; Infantry 
scouting ; Machine-gun training ; Physical training, junior course ; 
Physical training, senior course ; Musketry ; Signaling. 

TRENCH WARFARE. 

Vickers, Capt. Leslie: Training for the trenches. A practical hand- 
book based upon personal experience. 

G. H. Doran Co., New York, 1917, 1 vol., octavo. 
Smith, J. S. : Trench warfare. A manual for a fficers and men. 

New York, 1917, 1 vol., octavo. 
Moss, Maj. James A. : Trench warfare. 

George Banta Publishing Co. 



Bibliographies. 



233 



FIE ST AID. 

Wood, It. C. : The soldier's first aid. A simple treatise on how to 
treat a sick or wounded comrade. 
Toronto, 1917, 1 vol., octavo, pp. 93. 

COOKING. 

United States War Department. Manual for Army Cooks. 
Washington, 1917, 1 vol., octavo, pp. 270. 

NAVAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

A price list (No. 63) of Government publications on the " Navy of 
the United States of America : Publications relating to Appropria- 
tions, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Revenue-Cutter Service, Armor- 
Plate Manufacture, and Battleships " is distributed free on request 
by the superintendent of documents, Washington, D. C. (See above.) 

The following is a brief selected list of naval books of general 
interest : 

DRILL BOOKS. 

McLean, It. The Bluejacket's Manual. United States Naval Insti- 
tute, Annapolis, Md. 

Fullam, W. F. The Landing Force and Small-Arms Instructions. 
United States Naval Institute. 

Fullam, W. F. Petty Officers' Drill Book. United States Naval In- 
stitute. 

Fullam, W. F. Handbook for Infantry and Artillery, United States 

Navy. United States Naval Institute. 
Ship and Gun Drills. United States Naval Institute. 
Deck and Boat Book. United States Navy Department, Washington, 

D. C. 

Manual of Physical Drill. United States Navy Department, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

BOOKS OF PROFESSIONAL INTEREST. 

Attwood, E. L. Warships. Longmans, Green. London. 
Bandry, A. E. The Naval Battle. Hugh Bees, London. 
Bernotti, R. Fundamentals of Naval Tactics. United States Naval 
Institute 

Beyer, Thomas. The American Battleship and Life in the Navy. 

Laird & Lee, Chicago. 
Bishop, F. The Story of the Submarine. Century. 
Brassey, T. A. The Naval Annual. Clowes, London. 
Bridge, Admiral Sir C. Sea Eower and Other Studies. Smith Elder 

& Co., London. 

Chatterton, E. K. Ships and Ways of Other Days. Lippincott. 



234 



Bibliographies . 



Chatterton, E. K. Story of the British Navy. Mills & Boon, London. 
Colomb, P. H. Essays on Naval Defense. W. H. Allen & Co., London, 
Colomb, P. H. Naval Warfare. W. H. Allen & Co., London. 
Corbett. Some Principles of Maritime Strategy. Longmans, Green. 
Cradock, C. Whispers from the Fleet. J. Griffin & Co., London, 
distance, R. The Ship of the Line in Battle. Blackwood. 
Darrieus, G. War on the Sea. United States Naval Institute, An- 
napolis, Md. 

Debaters' Handbook on the Enlargement of the Navy. H. W. Wil- 
son Co. 

Dinger, II. C. Naval Machinery. Tan Nostrand. 

Domville-Fife, C. W. Submarines, Mines, and Torpedoes in the War. 

Hodder & S tough ton, New York, 
Fiske, B. A. The Navy as a Fighting Machine. Scribner. 
Fletcher, R. A. Warships. Cassell. 

Haldane, J. W. C. Steamships and Their Machinery. E. & F. N. 
Spon, London. 

Hoar, Allen. The Submarine Torpedo Boat. Van Nostrand. 
Hovgaard. Structural Design of Warships. E. & F. N. Spon, London. 
Hurd, A. Command of the Sea. Chapman-Hall, London. 

The Fleets at War. Hodder & Stoughton. London. 
Hurd and Castle, H. Sea Power. Scribner. 

Jane, F. T. The British Battle Fleet. S. W. Partridge Co., London. 

Fighting Ships, 1916. Sampson, Low, Marston & Co., 
London. 

Heresies of Sea Power. Longmans, Green & Co., New 
York. 

Kerrick, H. S. Military and Naval America. Page. 
Kipling, R. Sea Warfare. Doubleday Page. 
Mahan, A. T. Naval Strategy, Little, Brown. 

Matthews, F. Back to Hampton Roads. B. W. Huebsch. Mew York. 

Our Navy in Time of War. D. Appleton. 

With the Battle Fleet. B. W. Huebsch. New York. 
Meyers. G. J. Steam Turbines. United States Naval Institute, 
Neeser, R. W. Landsman's Long. Yale University Press. 
Peabody, C. H. Naval Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. 
Phelps, E. M. American Merchant Marine. H. W. W T ilson Co. 
Silburn, P. A. The Evolution of Sea Power. Longmans, Green & Co. 
Simpson, George. The Naval Constructor. Van Nostrand. 
Stickney & Barton. Naval Reciprocating Engines and Auxiliary Ma- 
chinery. United States Naval Institute. 
Stirling. Fundamentals of Naval Service. Lippineott. 
Thursfield, J. R. Naval Warfare. Putnam. 

Tikovara, H. Before Port Arthur in a Torpedo Boat Destroyer. 

John Murray, London. 
Tisdale, W. D. Three Years Behind the Guns. Century. 
Wheeler, H. F. B. Stirring Deeds of Britain's Sea Dogs. McBride. 
Wilkinson, N. L. The Royal Navy. A*& C. Black, London. 
Williams, H. The Steam Navy of England, W. H. Allen & Co., 

London. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



Individual organizations listed under Foreign Belief, and the individual 
organisations in the Appendices are not indexed. 



[Numberi refer to paragraphs; page=p. . . .] 

Paragraph. 

Accident insurance for marine officers and men 93 

Adjutant General's Officers' Reserve Corps 206 

Aeronautic Service, naval 285 

Aircraft Production Board 328 

Agricultural: 

Associations 113 

Colleges 110 

Volunteers 112 

Agriculture and food supply 105-128 

Agriculture: 

Appropriations 107 

County agents 109 

Department of — 

Bureau of Animal Industry 116 

Bureau of Biological Survey 117 

Bureau of Chemistry 117 

Bureau of Crop Estimates 123 

Bureau of Entomology 117 

Bureau of Markets 1 23 

Bureau of Plant Industry 118 

Division of Publications 110 

Emergency activities 108-121 

Help it can render Ill 

Informational Service 110 

Office of Information 110 

States Relations Service 125 

American iron and steel industry 88 

American Live Stock Association 107 

American Red Cross 42 

An official organization 42 

European war relief plans 42 

Information 42 

War budget 42 

American Society of Equity 107 

Appendix pp . . 199-253 

Bib iiograTjhies pp - - 227 - 234 

Council of National Defense pp. - 199-202 

235 



236 Index. 

A ppendix — Continued . Paragraph. 

Maps and charts pp. . 247-253 

State registers pp . . 203-225 

Army, the United States 179-324 

Authorized strength 179 

Camps, bill regulating 249 

Insurance ' 182 

Mail 183 

Map p.. 251 

Numbering of units. 180 

Pay table 181 

Pensions 182 

Physical requirements 197 

Regular, avenues of entering 185 

New regiments ~. 186 

Numbers needed 184 

Telegrams and cable 183 

Artificers, naval ". 278 

Artists 39,69 

Auxiliary Reserve, Naval 289 

Aviation (see also Signal Corps) 326-355 

Aircraft Production Board 328 

Appropriations 326 

Aviation Section, Naval Militia 334, 355 

Balloonists 347 

Aviation Corps of Naval Militia 317 

Joint boards 327 

Marine Corps Reserve Flying Corps . . 334, 354 

Naval Flying Corps 334, 346-349 

Naval Reserve Flying Corps ; 334, 350-353 

Need of aviators 333 

Physical requirements 335 

Schools of military aeronautics 330, 331 

Training camps 332 

Units in Army and Navy 334 

Baker, Newton D., Secretary of War 7, 252, 326 

Balloonists 347 

Bar of the city of New York, war committee 66 

Belgium, Commission for Relief in 43 

Bibliography 36 

Bibliographies: 

Committee on public information p.. 230 

Flags of the world p - - 230 

General lists p . . 227 

Government publications - PP - - 227-230 

Military bibliography pp.- 231-233 

Naval bibliography pp.. 233-234 

United States at war p. - 227 

Bond act of April 24 73 



Index. 237 

Bonds: Paragraph. 

Authorized war issues 72 

Liberty loan. (See Same.) 

Boy Scouts 114 

Boys working reserve 121 

Cables for soldiers 183 

Camouflage . 69 

Camp fire girls 114 

Camp libraries 37, 263-266 

Cantonments : 

Building of 246 

Building and running libraries for 82 

National Army, list of 246 

Catholic Women's War Relief 261 

Cattle 115 

Diseases * 116 

Fever tick.... 116 

Cavalry, reserve officers 213 

Censor 39 

Chaplains 52-59 

In Army 53-55 

In militia 59 

In Navy 56-58 

Chemists 65 

Child labor 21 

Child Labor Committee, National 21 

Child welfare work 20 

City gardens 114 

Civil Engineers, American Society of 64 

Civil Service Commission 129 

Examination for draftsmen 69 

Laborers in navy yard 83 

Civil Service , 129-135 

Examinations 132 

Positions 133 

Clearing house for France and her allies 44 

Coal 90 

Operators, permanent bureau 90 

Production committee 90 

Coast Defense Preserve, Naval 290 

Coast Guards 319-323 

Academy 320 

Training ._. 320 

Coffin, Howard E 328 

Coke 90 

Columbia University, interpreter's course 62 

War papers (Introduction) 

Comforts Committee, Navy League 325 

Commerce 97-100 



238 Index, 

Paragraph. 

Commerce Commission, Interstate 97 

Commissary Department, Naval 282 

Commission for relief in Belgium. {See Belgium.) 

Commission on training-camp activities 33. 248-253 

Commission on training, naval 273 

Commissions in Marine Corps 305 

Commissions, Naval . •. 277 

Committee on public information - 38, 40 

Community organization (Introduction) 

Consumption of wheat 106 

Council of National Defense pp. . 199-202, 7, 110 

County agents 109 

Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of the Navy 273 

Denman, William. 87. 100 

Dentists 61 

Detention by enemy, insurance for 96 

Diplomatic relations, countries which have severed p. . 247 

District boards for the National Army 237-245 

Draftsmen 69 

Dramatic entertainments. ........ . . 33. 266 

Drugs 6..o 65,85 

Education 9-18 

Eggs 115 

Electrical branch, naval 281 

Electrical Engineers, American Institute of 64 

Elementary schools 13 

Employment service, Federal 102 

Engineering commission in Russia 97 

Engineering schools, marine 100 

Engineering Society, United 64 

Engineer Corps: 

Officers' Reserve 208, 215 

Enlisted Reserve Corps 228 

Units in National Army 247 

Engineers 12, 14 

Enlisted Reserve Corps 22-5-230 

Enlistment : 

Length of period of 185 

In Marine Corps 299, 300 

Navy requirements for 272 

European war relief. (See War relief.) 

Executive organization p. 248 

Exports 124-127 

Exports council 124 

Farmers {see Agriculture) 105 

Bulletins...' 110 

Loans 122 



Index. 



239 



Farmers— Continued. Paragraph. 

National Congress 107 

Union 107 

Farm labor . 119-121 

Federal bank map p . . 253 

Employment service 102 

Farm loan board 122 

Land banks 122 

Federal reserve banks 74, 79 

Trade Commission 90 

Trade s.teel inquiry 88 

Fertilizer 105 

Field Artillery, Reserve Officers 213 

Finance 71-S0 

Flags of the countries at war with Germany or her allies p. . 247 

Flags of the world p . . 230 

Fleet Marine Corps 308 

Fleet Naval Reserve 287 

Flying Corps: 

Marine Corps Reserve 310 

Naval Reserve 292 

Food administration.. 110 

Food conservation 125-128 

Food speculation 105 

Fosdick, Raymond B 251,273 

Four-minute men 39, 67 

France: 

Clearing house for. (See Clearing house.) 

Need for railroad engineers 64 

Friends, Society of 50 

Fruit packing 123 

Fruit shipping 123 

Gardens 105,114 

Gleaners... 108 

Goethals, Maj. Gen. George W 87 

Goldsmith, S. A 263 

Government publications pp.. 227-230 

Granges 107 

High schools 13 

Hill, F. P 266 

Hoover, Herbert C 43, 126, 127 

Horses 115 

Hospital Corps, Navy 280 

Houston, David F., Secretary of Agriculture 107 

Industrial exhaustion 6 

Industrial Traffic League, National 97 

Industrial vitality 31 

Industrial welfare 5-8, 30 

\ 



240 Index. 

Industries: Paragraph. 

New 85 

War 84 

Industry , 81-90 

Legislation 8 

Welfare work 5-8,30 

Infantry: 

Regular Army , 186 

Reserve Officers 213 

Inland-water transportation 98 

Inland-Water Transportation Commission 98 

Insect pests. 117 

Insignia of Army p. . 251 

Insignia of Navy and Marines p. . 252 

Inspector General's Officers' Reserve Corps 206 

Insurance: 

For armed forces 91, 182 

For detention by enemy 96 

For vessels and cargo 92 

Naval 276 

Marine Corps •. 304 

Policies 94 

War risk.......... 91-96 

Intercollegiate intelligence bureau 70, 120 

Interstate Commerce Commission 97 

Joint Army and Navy Board 327 

Judge Advocate General's Officers' Reserve Corps 206 

Junior Naval Reserves 324 

Knights of Columbus 261 

Labor... 101-104 

Adjustment 104 

Boys working reserve 121 

Civil service 130 

Department of 101-104, 110, 119 

Exchanges • 101 

Farm 119 

Legislation 104 

State labor exchanges 120 

Welfare 5-8 

Laborers, continuing at posts 84 

Lawyers 66 

Legislation, school fund 18 

Legislative control ' 8 

Liberty loan 71, 75-79 

Allotment 80 

Conversion of bonds 74 

Form of bond 78 

Floatation 79 



Index. 241 

Liberty loan — Continued. Paragraph. 

Number of subscribers 80 

Payment 77 

Librarians 63 

Libraries 35-37 

In camps 263-265 

Life insurance for marine officers and men 93 

Linguists, course for interpreters 62 

Live stock 115 

Loan of 1917, liberty. (See Liberty loan.) 

Loan to allies 73 

Loans to farmers 122 

Local boards for National Army 237-245 

Local products, purchase of . 86 

Mail for soldiers 183 

Manufacturers 81 

Maps: 

Army p.. 251 

Federal banks p . . 253 

Navy p.. 252 

Marine Corps 296-305 

Advancement in 305 

Commissions in 305 

Enlistment in 300 

Insurance of 304, 93 

Naval militia in 316 

Pay in 303 

Pensions in 304 

Personnel 398 

Schools 302 

Service 1 303 

Training 301 

Training camps „ 370 

Reserve 306-311 

Reserve A 308 

Reserve B 309 

Reserve Flying Corps 310 

Volunteer Reserve 311 

Marine engineering schools , 100 

Marine engineers and officers 100 

Marketing food products 123 

Market new3 service 123 

McAdoo, William G., Secretary of the Treasury 73 ; 79, 92, 93 

Medical Department of Army : 

Enlisted Reserve Corps 226 

Officers' Reserve Corps 204. 205 

Students 11 

Merchant marine engineers and officers 100 

Middlemen 81 



242 Index. 

Paragraph. 

Military bibliography pp. . 231-233 

Miners 81,99 

Mining Engineers, American Institute of 64 

Motion pictures 39 

Munitions 89 

Nation, organization of entire 1 

National Army. 235-2G7 

Composition 235 

Discharge district board 241 

Discharge local board 240 

District board and appeals 242 

Examinations for 238 

Exemptions district board 241 

Exemptions, limits of 244 

Exemptions, local board 239 

Method of selection of 237 

Preparations for 246 

President's power in choice of 243 

Quota allotment 237 

Registration for 236 

Supplies for 246 

Welfare of 248-267 

National Child Labor Committee ; 21 

National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor 62 

National Geographical Society p.. 230 

National Guard 231-234 

Cantonments for 234 

Federal service of 232 

Strength of 233 

National Industrial Traffic League 97 

National Naval Volunteers , 314 

National Wool-Growers Association 107 

Naval Auxiliary Reserve 289 

Naval Coast Defense Reserve 290 

Naval Militia. 312-318 

Aviation Corps 317 

Headquarters 318 

Marine Corps 316 

Training*. 314 

War service 315 

Naval Reserve Force 286-295 

Fleet i 287 

Flying Corps 292 

Reserves 288 

Volunteer 293 

Naval Reserve, Junior 324 

Navigation schools 100 



Index. 



243 



Paragraph. 

Navy ..* 267-325 

Advancement in 277 

Aeronautic service 285 

Artificers .' . 278 

Camps, welfare of 250, 273 

Commissary Department 282 

Commission on training activities 273 

Commissions in 277 

District headquarters. 295 

Electrical branch 281 

Enlistment, information about 271 

Enlistments, requirements for 272 

Headquarters 295 

Hospital Corps 280 

Insurance 271 

Map 252 



Pay. 



/ o 



Paymasters 283 

Pensions 276 

Personnel 269 

Special training and service in '278-285. 269 

S ub marine service • 284 

Trades 83 

Training 274 

Training camps 270 

Training camp welfare 273 

Training stations 274 

Units 268 

Yards, laborers in 83 

Yeomen 279 

Navy League 325 

Comforts committee of 325 

Newspapers 39 

Nitrates „ 85 

Officers' pay in Army 181 

Officers' Keserve Corps 200-217 

Age limits in 203 

Description of staff corps 205-210 

Divisions of . . : 204 

Duties of 200 

Examinations for 202 

In war time 211-217 

Negro camp 211 

Pay in 200 

Purpose of 200 

Training camps 223 

First series 211 

Religious work in 51 

Second series 218-224 



244 Index. 

Paragraph. 

O'Hern, Father L. J 55, 262 

Orators - 67 

Ordnance Corps: 

Enlisted Reserve Corps -: 229 

Industries of . . . 1 82 

Officers' Reserve Corps 209, 216 

Schools for officers of 209 

Patrol squadron, Naval Reserve 291 

Pay: 

In Army. ... ...... 181 

In Marine Corps 303 

In Navy.......;. 275.. 

Paymasters in Navy 283 

Peanuts....... .-:;::..::::.;. ..................... ........ 118 

Pensions: 

Army.,. 91,182 

Marine Corps 304 

Navy 91, 182, 276 

Philanthropy....... 32 

Photographers. 68 

Physicians r. 61 

Plant diseases. 118 

Pork 111,115 

Poultry..-...........:.:.: . , 11$ 

Prisons and prison labor, national committee on 62 

Professionals- ........ ...... 60-70 

Provisional second lieutenants: 

Regr lar Army 187-192 

Reserve officers. 213 

Public information, committee on 38-40 

Division of four-minute men 39, 67 

Division of posters 39,69 

Public service reserve. 103 

Publicity......... 34-40 

Quakers. (See Friends, Society of.) 
Quartermaster's Corps. 

Enlisted Reserve Corps 227 

Industries of ' 82 

Officers' Reserve Corps of 207, 214 

Railroads 79,97 

Operators 81 

Passenger service - . . 97 

Units in France 97 

War board 97,98 - 

Red Cross. (See American Red Cross.) 

Registration for National Army. 236 

Regular Army, enlisted men 194-199 

Religious organizations 47-59 



Index. 245 

Paragraph. 

Reserve force, naval 286-295 

Reserve force, Regular Army 186 

Retail trades 86 

Revenue cutters 219, 323 

Rockefeller Foundation in Europe 64 

Russia, railroad needs of 64 

Salvarsan 85 

Schools, always open 17 

Schools of military aeronautics 330, 331 

Seed 105,118 

Settlement work 22 

Sheep -• 115 

Scabies 116 

Ships: 

Builders of 81 

Building of 87 

Need for laborers 87, 102 

Shipping 97 

Shipping Board 87. 100 

Short-term certificates . 74 

Signal Corps (see also Aviation): 

Aviation Section of Enlisted Reserve Corps 334, 343-345 

Aviation Section of Officers' Reserve Corps 334, 338-342 

Enlisted Reserve Corps 230 

Industries of 82 

Officers' Reserve Corps 210, 217 

Photographers in 68 

Regular Army 186 

Aviation Section 334,336-337 

Social work and philanthropy 19-33 

Soldiers, comfort of 33 

Speakers 67 

State labor exchanges 120 

State registers pp.. 203-225 

Steamboat-Inspection Service 100 

Steel 88 

Labor needs in plants 88 

Stenographers 133, 135 

Submarine service .. 284 

Surgeons 61 

Surgical instruments 85 

Taxation 72 

Teachers 61 

Temporary second lieutenants, Regular Army 193 

Tippy, Rev. Worth M 55 

Trade Commission. (See Federal Trade Commission. ) 

Trades, naval. 83 

106006°— 17 17 



246 Index. 

Training camps: Paragraph. 

Marine Corps 270 

Navy 270,274 

Religious work in officers' training camps 51 

Reserve officers' second series 218-224 

Welfare 273 

Training in Marine Corps 301 

Transportation 97-100 

Typists 133,135 

United engineering society ~ 64 

United States Army. (See Army.) 

United States at war p . . 227 



United States Civil Service. (See Civil service.) 
United States Civil Service Commission. (See Civil Service Com- 



mission.) 

United States Coast Guard. (See Coast Guard.) 

United States Junior Naval Reserve 324 

United States Marine Corps. (See Marine Corps.) 
United States Naval Reserve Force. (See Naval Reserve.) 
United States Navy . (S ee Navy . ) 

United .States Public Service Reserve 103 

United States Shipping Board. (See Shipping Board. ) 

Vegetables, shipping of 123 

Voluntary Marine Corps Reserve 311 

Volunteer Naval Reserve 293 

War relief : 

European 41-46 

Need for continuing 41 

Needs of 41 

Organizations for, directory of 46 

Plans of Red Cross 42 

War risk insurance 91-96 

Bureau of 91,93 

Water transportation, inland 98 

Wheat supply and consumption 106 

Wilson, Woodrow 7, 9, 81, 105, 124, 126 

Women : 

As draftsmen 69 

Clubs of 128 

Education of 14, 15 

Food pledge 127 

Home economy 107 

Industrial workers 5 

In Naval Reserve 294 

Wool 115 

Yale Engineering Association, bulletin of 60 

Yeomen, naval 279 

Y. M. C. A '. 23,254-259 

Y. M. H. A 262 

Y. W. C. A 24-29,260 



COLOR LEGEND 



BELGIUM — Black, yellow and red in stripes. 

CUBA— Triangle red with white star, blue and 
white stripes. 

FRANCE— Blue, white and red in stripes. 

GREAT BRITAIN— Flag of the British Empire; 
blue ground, red cross, and red diagonals 
flanked by white. 

ITALY— Green, white and red in stripes ; crown 
and shield in white stripe. 

JAPAN— Red circle in white ground. 

MONTENEGRO— Badge on red ground with 



PANAMA— Upper left quarter, white with blue 
star; upper right quarter, red; lower left 
quarter, blue; lower right quarter, white 
with red star. 

PORTUGAL— Green and red in stripes, escut- 
cheon and sphere left of center. 

ROUMAN1A— Blue, yellow and red in stripes. 

RUSSIA — White, blue and red in stripes. 

SAN MARINO— Blue and white in stripes, 
badge in center. 

SERBIA — Red, blue and white in stripes. 



The Flags of the Nations at War with Germany or Her Allies 



WB 

J BELGIUM 

I n I 

\ ITALY 




MONTENEGRO 
I PORTUGAL 



COUNTRIES WHICH HAM SEVERED DIPLOMATIC 

RELATIONS WITH GERMANY 
China (March I 4) Brazil (April 1 0) 
Bolivia (April I 1 ) 





GREAT BRITAIN' 



JAPAN 




mm 



SAN MAKINO 



Guatemala (April 27) Honduras (May I 7) 
Nicaragua (May 1 9) Haiti (June I 7) 



c -J<alA sI< 




M P 1 

ten 




1*1 



THE FEDERAL EXECUTIVE. 



RAILROAD I 
COIISTRUCTIOrf,^ 



idaiisii KESTIIWIES) 
UHDERHAW DEPT 



BURSA!/ or YARDS & OOCK^ 
BUREAU OF ORDNANCE 




COMPILED Br W 



This chart indicates the relations and 
organization existing within the various 
divisions of the Federal Executive. 



ARMY, 



rn on collai 



r collar insi 



Quartern 
Corps of 



Jrvice unifoi 

F 

GENERAL* 
ENT. 

t 

S DEPARTS 

ER LOOP 

COLO 

Silver spre 

ENANT - Nc 



The following letters, plain for officers <&i enlisted men, dress uniform, as buttons for enlisted 



SERVICE ARM AND RANK IN THE ARMY. 

ice uniform, are worn on collar of coat, or on the collar of the shirt if the 



U.S. 



REGULAR ARMY. 



U.SR 



NY 



The arms of the 



RESERVE CORPS. 

indicated by service hat cords and by collar : 



NATIONAL GUARD (Slate letters). 



ENLISTED MEN. 

nfantry - - - Light bin 
lavalry - - - Yellow. 



ENLISTED MEN. 

Artillery (F. and C.) - - - S 
Medical Department - - - t» 



ENLISTED MEN, ENLISTED ! 

Corps of Engineers . . . Scarlet and white. Sign"rCorM P -' < -"-".' . ■ . 



COLLAR INSIGNIA. 

Plain for officers and enlisted dress uniform. Buttons enlisted service uniform. 



FIELD ARTILLERY. 



T 

:al DEPAP~~ 

f 



MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 



DVOCATE GEN 
DEPARTMENT. 



JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL'! 
DEPARTMENT. 



COAST ARTILLERY. 



ADJUTANT GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT. INSPECTOR GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT 

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS — INSIGNIA ON SHOULDER LOOPS, 

BRIGADIER GENERAL. 



iRMASTER GEIi 
DEPARTMENT. 

IRPS OF ENGINEERS. 



ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. 
SIGNAL CORPS. 



CAPTAIN . Two silver 



MAJOR GENERAL. 

Two silver stars. 
FIRST LIEUTENANT - One sill 

CHEVRONS AND SPECIALTY MARKS 



COLONEL. 

Silver spread eagle, 
SECOND LIEUTENANT - No loop insigni 



LIEUTENANT COLONEL. 

CHAPLAIN ■ Latin 



FIRST SERGEANT. 



CORPORAL. 



PRIVATE, 1st Cla. 



.The more frequent chevrons, only, are given. 

The colors of the hat cords are used in the chevrons. 

A few of the specialty marks are given to the right. 



GUNNER, ELECTRICIAN. MECHANIC. 




'V. 1 : 



y AND 



iVAl MILIT 




On ribbon. 
S AVAL MILIT1 



r ranks thr 




;r. liei 
of anchors. 




DENTAL 

BS. 

4 

CIST, CHI 
t. PAYN 

ICERS— N 

with, stripes.- 

1 

MIDSH 
1st C 



TURI 

CAPT, 



VY. 

[ATE, 
TER, 



RANK AND DISTINGUISHING MARKS IN THE NAVY AND MARINES. 



CAP DEVICES. 
ENLISTED MEN. 
NAVAL RESERVE. 



NAVAL MILITIA. 



(Service Coat) COLLAR DEVICES— NAVY. (Also used on shoulder devices for ranks through Commodore.) 
(Marines show rank on shoulder loop as in Army.) 
LINE OFFICERS. 



\<m**^\ | »»»*| c^-x- 1 1iP| 1 €>| €>[ j || 1 I 1 |<H»1 



, JUNIOR GRADE. EHSION, 



STAFF OFFICERS. 
Same as equal rank of line officers, but corps dcvic 



[W\ EH S 



FAYAl ■. >>-r".|-CTOR. 



CHIEF GUNNER, 



rwi is ms m 

RS, M/ 

r 



CHIEF WARRANT OFFICERS, WARRANT OFFICERS, MATES. 



" PHARMACIST. 



PHARMACIST. 

SLEEVE MARKS OF COMMISSIONED AND WARRANT OFFICERS — NAVY. 

iuon; Fay, white; Prof. Math., olive green.— Staff officers same stripes, but instead of stars, corps colors arc used with stripes.— Corps colors: Civil Eng 

LINE OFFICERS. 
(Also used on shoulder devices for ranks below Commodore.) 

e i i ! i ! ■ 

R ADMIRAL. CAPTAIN. COMMANDER. ^^J",^ LIEUTENANT. jJ^R E g^J' E ENSIGN. MIDSmPMAN, M1DSHIPMA 

RATINGS AND A FEW SPECIALTY MARKS— NAVY. 



H 

N. -MATE. 

I I 



ENTER, OUNNRR. 



W m V 




I — 



i 




South Atlantic 

Coast from no] 
Carolina to southern 
tfarfh Pacific 

Coast from no] 
inpton to southern 1 
Soxdh Pacific 

Coast from nortl 
to southern boundar 




H //]■ 



G 0/v 



FEDERAL RESERVE BANK AND 
LAND BANK DISTRICTS AND CITIES 



District No 

District No 
District No 
District No, 

District No. 



I'M 



and-bank cities: 

1. Springfield, Mass. 

2. Baltimore. Md. 

3. Columbia, S. O. 

4. Louisville, Ky. 

5. New Orleans, La. 

7. St. Paul, Minn. 

8. Omaba, Nebr. 

9. Wichita, Kans. 

10. Houston, Tex. 

11. Berkeley, Cal. 

12. Spokane, Wash. 



Federal land-bank districts. 



1. Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont, Massachu- 
Itbode Island. Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey.' 

, 2. Pennsylvania, Delaware. Maryland, Virginia, 
Virginia, and District of Columbia. 

J. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and 



No. 7 



Ohio, Indiana, 

Alabama, Mississippi, 
Illinois, Missouri, and Arltaa^as. 

Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota 



Tennessee. 



North 



Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming. 
. Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico, 
District No, 10. Texas. 

District No. 11. California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. 
District No. 12. Washington, Oregon, Montana, and Idaho. 



I* 



1 

i 



UTAH 



I 



COLO. 



ARIZ. 



N. (HEX. 



LEGEND 

State lines 

Federal Reserve Bank Districts 1 to 12 
Federal Reserve Bank Cities O 
Federal Land Bank Cities • 
Federal Land Bank Districts— see list 



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Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: m m 

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